Abstract: After a sudden event occurs, the government must respond swiftly to disasters to effectively safeguard the lives and property of the people. Timely and efficient transportation of relief supplies to disaster areas is crucial for emergency relief efforts. The interruption of raw material supply poses a risk of stock outage for the three-tier emergency supply chain. Manufacturing enterprises are unable to procure large quantities of raw materials for capacity expansion, thus struggling to meet the production procurement demands during special periods, severely affecting the efficiency of emergency rescue. Simultaneously, the risk of uncertainty of emergency supplies demand can lead to improper resource allocation and waste. To enhance the flexibility of the emergency supply chain and strengthen cooperation among supply chain members,this paper takes the three-tier emergency supply chain system consisting of government, the manufacturer and raw material supplier as the research target. It analyzes procurement and buyback strategies of relief supplies. This approach can mitigate the risk of rising raw material prices to a certain extent and address the loss caused by shelf life risks, providing necessary guarantees for the production and supply of relief supplies.
The main conclusions are as follows: (1)For the three-tier emergency supply chain composed of government, the manufacturer and raw material supplier, different contract types can be chosen by the government for different regions. In regions with higher frequencies of disasters, call option contracts can be chosen to achieve coordination of the three-tier emergency supply chain while meeting the needs of disaster-affected populations. For regions with lower frequencies of disasters, buyback contracts can be adopted to achieve coordination of the three-tier emergency supply chain and prevent the waste of relief supplies, maximizing their utilization. (2)A comparative analysis with the two-tier emergency supply chain of centralized decision making shows that the overall ordering level of the three-tier supply chain with the participation of raw material suppliers will be improved. Under the call option contract, the three-tier emergency supply chain benefits its members, while under the buyback contract, it enhances the risk resilience of the emergency supply chain system. Conditions for achieving coordination in the three-tier emergency supply chain under the call option contract and the totalordering quantity under the call option contract greater than under the wholesale price contract are derived. (3)In the call option contract, the execution price of relief supplies is more sensitive to the spot price, disaster victims' satisfaction, penalty costs, and search probabilities, while in the buyback contract, the buyback price of raw materials is more sensitive to the spot price, disaster victims' satisfaction, penalty costs, and search probabilities. The impact of disaster victims' satisfaction and penalty costs on the execution and buyback price is similar, and the spot market price has a more significant impact on the execution and buyback price. Intervals for setting the ratio of buyback price to execution price and the ratio of buyback price for manufacturers participating in three-tier emergency supply chain collaboration provide theoretical guidance for governments and manufacturers when designing contracts. Finally, the validity of the model is further verified by numerical example.
This paper explores procurement and buyback strategies for relief supplies based on a supply chain consisting of government, the manufacturer, and raw material supplier. However, it only considers a one-to-one three-tier emergency supply chain system. Future research directions could focus on the impact of competitive relationships among multiple manufacturers and raw material suppliers on the three-tier emergency supply chain.

Key words: three-tier supply chain, relief supplies procurement, option contract, supply chain coordination

摘要： 原材料供应中断会使得三级应急供应链面临断货风险,严重影响到应急救援的效率,同时,因应急物资需求不确定性风险容易引起物资配置不当与资源浪费问题。为提高应急供应链的风险防御能力,本文以政府-制造商-原材料供应商组成的三级应急供应链系统为研究目标,分析了应急物资的采购与回购策略,依据灾害发生频次不同的区域,分别构建看涨期权契约以及回购契约模型,并通过同批发价格契约与看跌期权契约的比较,得到了不同契约模式下三级应急供应链的协调条件,并与集中决策时的两级应急供应链进行对比分析,表明原材料供应商参与下的三级供应链整体的订购水平会得到提升。最后,本文通过数值算例对所建模型进行了验证。

关键词: 三级供应链, 应急物资采购, 期权契约, 供应链协调