关键词: 排放税, 排放标准, 经济效率, 减排政策

Abstract: The pollution problem is the current focus of attention of the world, so many countries and regions have adopted policies to control pollutions. In view of different effects of reduction policies, it is necessary to conduct in-depth study of different emission-reduction policies, so as to provide theoretical basis and references for the implementation of emission-reduction policies. This paper applies game theory and optimal planning method to study economic efficiencies of emission taxes and emission standards from the microscopic point of view, and put forward implementation conditions of optimal emission taxes and emission standards in first-best setting through comparative analysis. Conclusions are drawn as follows: emission taxes have a “restrained output effect”, and emission standards have an “output subsidy effect”. In the perfect competition, the emission taxes are efficient, while the emission standards are in the loss of efficiency. In the imperfect competition, emission taxes are in the loss of efficiency, but emission standards are effective. Because imperfect competition does not exist in reality, as the economic efficiency is concerned, emission standards are superior to emission taxes. No matter what the state of the economy, emission taxes combined with output subsidies and emission standards combined with consumption taxes, can make the economy reach the optimum, which are the optimal reduction policies.

Key words: emission taxes, emission standards, economic efficiency, reduction policy