关键词: 新能源汽车生产商, 梯次利用企业, 动力电池梯次利用, 商业模式, 演化博弈

Abstract: With the intensification of global warming and the depletion of petroleum resources, the promotion and use of new energy vehicles have become an important initiative for China to cope with the pressure of energy security, ecological and environmental protection. However, as the ownership of new energy vehicles continues to rise in China, the recycling of decommissioned batteries has become an urgent problem. According to the forecast of China Automotive Technology and Research Center, the number of retired power batteries reached 200,000 tons in 2020, and it is estimated that the annual scrap of power batteries may reach 350,000 tons by 2025. In fact, the retired batteries of new energy vehicles still have nearly 80% capacity. Although they can't be used for new energy vehicles, they can be used in many scenarios such as power stations, substations and home energy storage. This way of exerting the surplus value of power batteries and realizing degraded application is ladder utilization. As important subjects of retired battery recycling, new energy vehicle manufacturers and ladder utilization enterprises urgently need to explore and form a stable and mature cooperative business model in battery recycling. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to deeply explore the “win-win” business model of new energy vehicle manufacturers and ladder utilization enterprises under the market mechanism, and further study the effective boosting mechanism of government policies for solving the development problem of power battery industry.
The existing research on the ladder utilization of power batteries in new energy vehicles mainly focuses on product pricing, strategy selection in maximizing the interests of automobile manufacturers, and how to implement policies to improve the recovery rate and recovery efficiency. The theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, the ladder utilization enterprises are included in the research framework, and four business models of cooperation between new energy vehicle manufacturers and ladder utilization enterprises are put forward; Secondly, from the market role and government influence, we explore the Pareto equilibrium of maximizing the strategic income of the new energy vehicle manufacturers and the ladder utilization enterprises; Third, we come up with the methods and countermeasures to solve the “deadlock” (the two sides can not reach a stable cooperation model).
In this paper, the game models of ladder utilization cooperative business model selection under the influence of market mechanism and government participation are constructed respectively. Through stability analysis and numerical simulation, it is found that: (1)New energy vehicle manufacturers and ladder utilization enterprises can form four cooperative business models. They can reach stable cooperation only if certain conditions are met. (2)When new energy vehicle manufacturers and ladder utilization enterprises are in a deadlock that cannot form a stable business model, reducing the operating cost of battery recycling outlets and the transaction costs of both sides or increasing the residual value of batteries after ladder utilization can all help to break the deadlock. (3)When new energy vehicle manufacturers and ladder utilization enterprises have reached a stable cooperative business model, changes in government subsidies and supervision can not boost the cooperation between the two sides. When the two sides are in a “deadlock” in cooperation, increasing subsidies for recycling network construction or strengthening ladder utilization supervision can promote the formation of stable cooperation, but the mechanism is different.
There is still room for further expansion in the study. With the mature development of ladder utilization of power batteries in new energy vehicles, in addition to new energy vehicle manufacturers and ladder utilization enterprises, there are other entities involved in battery recycling, such as third-party recycling service enterprises and research institution. Therefore, in the future research, we will include more participants in the process of retired power battery ladder utilization, and further explore the business model to promote the rapid development of power battery industry in new energy vehicles.

Key words: new energy vehicle manufacturers, ladder utilization enterprises, battery ladderutilization, business model, evolutionary game