Table of Content

25 February 2016, Volume 25 Issue 1

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Theory Analysis and Methodology Study

A Review of Supply Chain Versus Supply Chain Competition

ZHANG Ding, GUO Jie

2016, 25(1):  1-7.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0001

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This paper provides a limited survey on mathematical models of inter supply chain competition, a topic whose importance is widely recognized in business and industry but not until recently has gained adequate attention in the management science or operations management literature. This survey is deployed along three dimensions of the literature collected on this topic. We first classify the works based on the network structure of the competing supply chains, ranging from the simplest one-supplier-one-retailer chain, through three-tier symmetric network with multiple agents on each tier, to most general asymmetric network structure with any number of agents. The symmetric network is termed to refer the competition between homogeneous structured supply chains, whereas asymmetric network is termed to refer the competition between heterogeneous structured supply chains. Secondly, we review the mathematical and economic models employed to study the inter supply chain competition. Most of the models are in game theoretic framework, including Cournot-Nash equilibrium, Bertrand-Nash equilibrium, Stackelberg game. But network economic models such as spatial price equilibrium and Wardrop equilibrium are also proved to be powerful and effective means for modeling supply chain versus supply chain competition. Thirdly, we thread the relevant works in various application areas. The application background of these models range from power supply chain, financial supply chain, environment and corporate social responsibilities, reverse logistics, and automobile industry supply chains. The majority of these works study the competition between chains of same nature and homogeneous structure. But emerging models on inter chain competition between heterogeneous chains are remarkable. Another noticeable progress is represented by incorporating intra chain contract into inter chain competition.

Manufacturer’s Channel Stuffing Strategies under Information Asymmetry

LI Jian-bin, WANG Qi-fei, HU Wei

2016, 25(1):  8-14.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0002

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In a two-stage supply chain composed of a manufacturer and a retailer, the manufacturer manager may maximize his own utility through channel stuffing strategy. This paper investigates the effect of channel stuffing decisions on the supply chain performance under information asymmetry and finds that as the investors correcting finical reports increase, the inventory level as well as the manufacturer manager’s utility decrease. When the manager pays more attention to market value, the manufacturer’s profit decreases which indicates channel stuffinghas a negative effect on the manufacturer’s real value. Meanwhile, the profit of the total supply chain is affected by the manager’s channel stuffing decision as well as other external factors such as retail price. Moreover, strengthening external supervision and designing a reasonable incentive scheme help to reduce managers’ channel stuffing behaviors.

Online Shopping Service Supply Chain Coordination Contract Considering Bilateral Service Level

QIN Xing-hong, SU Qiang, LI Gui-ping

2016, 25(1):  15-24.  DOI: 10.12005/0rms.2016.0003

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In this paper, service quality coordination mechanism is studied in a two-layer service supply chain that consists of one online store and one TPL with the market demand dependent on their service levels. Service decisions are compared and analyzed in two different scenarios: decentralized decision and centralized decision. And then the limitations of the traditional price-only contract in the first scenario are pointed out. Considering the scenario of centralized decision as a benchmark, we propose a revenue sharing contract(RSC)as a method to coordinate the decentralized supply chain and give the conditions and limitations of the contract to realize supply chain coordination. The results show that the RSC can motivate both online store and TPL to improve service level and realize service supply chain coordination. Moreover, the result shows that basic service levels of all members have a positive influence on their service decision in the two scenarios, and the effect is greater in the second scenario. However, the results also show that service congestion effect may appear due to the shortage of the service capacity of TPL, which may decrease the efficiency of the service system. Finally, the numerical analysis proves the effectiveness of the RSC and the sensitivity analysis is made for the main parameters of our models.

Financing Capacity Constraint Based Multimode Max-npv Project Scheduling Optimization from Both Perspectives of Contract

ZHENG Wei-bo, HE Zheng-wen, LIU Ren-jing

2016, 25(1):  25-34.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0004

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This paper deals with the multimode Max-npv project scheduling problem with financing capacity constraints from the two sides of contract. The authors define the studied problem at first and then, construct the optimization model which consists of the client’s and the contractor’s submodels. Due to the strong NP-hardness of the problem, a tabu search heuristic, which solves the two submodels iteratively, is developed, thus obtaining the desirable solution which can be accepted by contractor and client simultaneously. Ultimately, a practical project is utilized to illustrate the research and through analyzing the key parameters of the instance, the following conclusions are drawn. The theoretical desirable schedule can increase the profits of the contractor and the client in the meantime. The key parameters including the client’s and the contractor’s financing capacity, the project deadline, the baseline profit of the contractor, the discount rate and the payment proportion all influence the parties’ project npv.

Pareto Optimization for Single Machine Scheduling with Controllable Processing Time to Minimize Total Weighted Completion Times

WANG Du-juan, LIU Feng, WANG Jian-jun, WANG Yan-zhang

2016, 25(1):  35-45.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0005

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For single machine scheduling problem minimizing total weighted completion time, when job’s processing time could be compressed by allocating extra resources, jobs’ processing sequence and compression times are optimized simultaneously. Two in-conflicts objectives are concerned: schedule performance measured by compressed jobs’ total weighted completion times, and resource cost measured by linear function of jobs’ compression times. The problem has been proved to be NP-hard. In order to bridge the gap that this problem has rarely been solved from the perspective of Pareto optimization, we make use of algorithm hybridization to improve classic NSGA-II which tends to be pre-mature during evolution. In hybridized algorithm, Archived Multi-Objective Simulated Annealing(AMOSA) is integrated to jump out of local optimum, external archive is built up to enhance population diversity, and master/slave parallel structure is designed to improve solving efficiency. Finally for verification purposes, first hybridized algorithm is used to solve Benchmark test functions ZDT1-6, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method is applicable and effective for test functions with various structures and shapes. Second, problem features are utilized to design effective encoding scheme and correspondingly randomly generated problem instances are solved. The analysis of proximity and diversity of obtained Pareto front further verify the effectiveness of hybridized algorithm for solving single machine scheduling with controllable processing time to minimize total weighted completion times.

Interval Programming Models for Manufacturing Resources Optimal Scheduling in Grid

ZHANG Xiang-bin, NI You-yi, YUAN Ya-min

2016, 25(1):  46-52.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0006

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According to the characteristics of interval of the key parameters, which affect the resources optimal scheduling in manufacturing grid environment,this paper establishes task-oriented and resource-oriented scheduling model based on interval .In order to get the lowest cost of the task or the most profit of the resource,the model changes the resource price and the cost limitation of the task into intervals,and takes full account of working hours limitation of resources and finishing time requirements of task. This paper gives the linear interval programming models and their solutions,and shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the methods by analyzing examples. It is concluded that, the application of the model can respond swiftly to market changes by adjusting the parameters and give a reasonable plan.

Solving Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem Using DBR Theory

ZHANG Guo-hui

2016, 25(1):  53-58.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0007

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A hybrid method based on DBR(Drum-Buffer-Rope)and improved genetic algorithm is proposed for flexible job shop scheduling problems with the objective to minimize the makespan. In the initialization, a bottleneck machine recognition mechanism is proposed to improve initialization methods and to enhance the quality of the initial solution. In the process of computing based on the critical path, a bottleneck machines identification mechanisms and scheduling strategy are esfablished. In order to keep the excellent solutions in each generation, the external libraries is adopted. Benchmark problems are solved by the proposed algorithm, and computational results show that the proposed method is feasibility and effective.

Research on the Production Assignment Based on the Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers Under the Mass Customization Mode

CHENG De-tong, LI Deng-feng, YU Gao-feng

2016, 25(1):  59-69.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0008

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According to the problems of fuzzy uncertainty which production assignment should face under the mode of mass customization, this article discusses how to apply the triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers to construct the production assignment model in order to get the most satisfied production assignment. First, we use the triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers to describe and design a customer satisfaction function and profit function which is based on the factors such as the individual customer needs and business output relative deviation, delivery time and price and so on. Second, harmonic function, which corporates profits and customer satisfaction, is established to construct the production assignment model. It is also proved that this model has feasible and optimal solutions and then illustrates the proposed method. Last, the solution process and its effectiveness and rationality of production assignment model are illustrated and analyzed through an example.

Research on Project Portfolio Selection Optimization Based on Strategy

BAI Si-jun, WANG Xu-bo, LIANG Bin

2016, 25(1):  70-75.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0009

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The paper studies how to maximize the organizational strategic goal through project portfolio selection. We firstly separate the strategic goal to the objective of outcome,cost and risk, and then integrate the strategic goal to a single trade-off goal with principles of fuzzy cut set and the global criteria methods. This paper develops a project portfolio selection model based on the organizational strategic goal in which trapezoidal fuzzy numbers represent uncertain project parameters and project interactions are taken into account. The model can help organization achieve the consistency of the project portfolio selection and strategic goal. Finally genetic algorithm is presented to solve the model and a case study is provided to illustrate the proposed method.

Multi-scenario Evolutionary Game Analysis of Evolutionary Mechanism in Urban Demolition Mass Incident

LIU De-hai, HAN Cheng-jun, YIN Li-juan

2016, 25(1):  76-84.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0010

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In the conflict of urban public welfare demolition, local government may choose the multiple methods including reasonable compensation or forced demolition considering the record of achievements, and dismantled households may take the complex behaviors including reasonable appeals for their damaged benefit or radical action driven by the escalated psychology. Through integrated evolutionary game model with scenario hypothesis of urban demolition problem, the paper researches the various conflict evolutionary results and the influence factors between local governments and dismantled households. The results show that the occurrence probability of urban demolition mass incident should depend on a series of complex influences. Some important influences on the occurrence probability are not the simple linear relationship. Especially, thereis an optimal sharing proportion of demolition cost-benefit between the local government and the dismantled households.

Game Analysis of Government and Green Manufacturer Based on Fuzzy Number

YANG de-yan, LIU jian

2016, 25(1):  85-92.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0011

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For recent years, the environmental issue has become an important problem that people need to solve urgently. Meanwhile, how to prompt manufacturer to adopt green manufacturing mode has become a big problem that government is faced with. Firstly, a fuzzy game model based on the triangular fuzzy number between government and green manufacturer is proposed in this article. And game solutions are divided into two categories: pure strategy Nash equilibrium solution and mixed strategy Nash equilibrium solution. Secondly, all circumstances with different strategies of government and green manufacturer as well as the influencing factors of pure and mixed strategy Nash equilibrium solution are discussed. Then, the optimal game solution and corresponding management strategies are presented, which give some advice for the implementation of green manufacturing mode. The research results show that the government’s subsidies and punishment strategies play an important role in taking green manufacturing mode for green manufactures. In the end, by using the method of triangular structure element, two actual examples are analyzed in the paper, which verify the correctness and feasibility of the fuzzy game model and the conclusion.

Intelligent Decision Problem Analysis Method Based on Ontology

HU Dong-bin, ZENG Zhao-wei, CHEN Xiao-hong, DING Jun

2016, 25(1):  93-99.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0012

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The purpose of Decision Problem Analysis is to identify methods of solving decision problems, which can facilitate the user to make decisions and solve problems quickly in Decision Support System. In order to improve the intelligence and accuracy of Decision Problem Analysis, an Ontology-based method is proposed. The method designs the ontic conceptual structure of decision problems by using Ontology. Finally, an instance is presented to explain how to use the method and the solving-model, and to verify the effectiveness of the method.

Two-sided Matching Decision With Two-Granularity Linguistic Evaluation Information

YUE Qi

2016, 25(1):  100-104.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0013

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With respect to the two-sided matching problem with two-granularity linguistic evaluation information, a decision method based on two-tuple information representation is proposed. In the method, firstly, the two-granularity linguistic evaluation information is transformed into the two-granularity two-tuple information. To maximize the satisfaction degree of each agent, a multi-objective optimization model by using the extended weighted average operator for linguistic two-tuple is constructed. Further, the multi-objective optimization model is transformed into a bi-objective optimization model by using the arithmetic mean operator for linguistic two-tuple. According to the characteristic of two-tuple, the bi-objective optimization model is converted into a single-objective model. The matching alternative can be obtained by solving the model. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the validity of the proposed method.


The Method of Hesitant Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making Based on Group Consistency

TAN Ji-yu, ZHU Chuan-xi, ZHANG Xiao-zhi, ZHU Li

2016, 25(1):  105-109.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0014

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Hesitant fuzzy set permits the membership degree of an element to a set to be represented by a set of several possible values and is a powerful tool to express the inconsistent preferences of decision makers. A hesitant fuzzy multiple attribute decision making method is proposed to solve the problem which the assessment deviation should not be too large. First, we define hesitancy degree function and consistency index of hesitant fuzzy element; on this basis, an optimization model is constructed based on the maximization of group consistency index. The attribute weight vector can be obtained by solving the optimization model. Then, grey relational analysis method is implemented to rank and select alternatives. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

The Research on Risk Conduction of Fuel Calculation in Flight Planning

CHEN Jie, CHI Hong, SHAO Xue-yan

2016, 25(1):  110-116.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0015

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The fuel planning is made by the Airplane Operation Control Department based on airworthiness information, navigational data, weather data, alternate airport and other factors from different departments. Deviation of any information above may result in failure on accuracy of planning, causing unsafe conditions to flights. A calculation model is constructed to quantify the effect of input on the output, basing on the mechanism analysis of fuel-planning. Meanwhile, a safety risk conduction problem is studied to quantitatively describe the flow of deviation through the fuel-planning process.The relationship between the deviation of the weigt-of-TOC and the landing residual oil is analyzed with Monte Carlo simulation. The feasibility and the validity of our research are verified through the case study.

Robust Research on Service Facility Network Design Problem with Demand Uncertainty

LIU Hui, YANG Chao

2016, 25(1):  117-125.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0016

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Based on long-term facility location decisions and potential parameter variations, it is important to consider uncertainty in facility location modeling. Supposing the uncertain demands are within a bounded and symmetric multi-dimensional box,we present a novel robust approach to the service facility network design problem. The trade-offs between the robustness of the solution and the cost can be done by adjusting the budget of uncertainty. The model can be transformed into a linear programming and the service level of the facility can also be computed. An algorithm based on Tabu Search is designed to solve the problem. Numerical examples validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Finally, we use a numerical example to illustrate the different network topology under different robustness level, and the trade-offs between the service level and the cost is analyzed. In addition, we make a sensitivity analysis of the deviation of the demand. The results show that with the improvement of the service level, the cost gets more and more sensitive to deviation.

Cooperative Game Method of the Transportation Problem

XU Yi-song, WANG Ying-ming

2016, 25(1):  126-132.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0017

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In case where there is a competition among the sources(warehouses or suppliers)or destinations(demand points or consumers), in this situation, using the traditional method to solve the problem may be seen as undesirable and unfair. Specifically, each source or destination is viewed as a player that seeks to maximize its own efficiency or minimize its own cost. To address this issue, the transportation problem is solved with the game theory in the first time, and its Nash equilibrium and Nash bargaining solution is proposed. The virtual transportationproblem in the non-cooperate situation is the assignment that each person pursues the most efficient task to his own benefit. Most importantly, the Nash equilibrium of the assignment problem is also the Nash equilibrium of the transportation problem. Based on the Nash equilibrium of the transportation problem, the Nash bargaining model of the transportation problem is proposed, and it is showed that the optimal solution constitutes a Nash bargaining solution with experiments. Because the Nash bargaining model may have more than one solution, we propose an evaluation method to calculate the decision maker’s expected monitoring cost. Finally, its Shapely value is discussed.

Competitive Retailers’ Pricing Strategy under Stochastic Demand

GAO Xiao-min, LIU Zhi-xue, ZUO Xiao-lu

2016, 25(1):  133-144.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0018

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This paper studies a joint pricing policy(responsive pricing or market clearance pricing), product order quantity and responsive pricing decision for two competitive retailers under a stochastic demand environment. By developing a three-stage game model, based on the Kuhn-Tucker condition, two retailers’ equilibrium order quantity and responsive pricing decisions under different pricing subgames are obtained, the differences of the order quantity and responsive pricing decisions of the four pricing subgames are analyzed, and the impact of demand uncertainty on order quantity and pricing policy are investigated as well. The numerical analysis shows that, when the potential market demand is uniformly distributed, responsive pricing subgame will be Pareto optimal, however, market clearance pricing subgame is the equilibrium pricing strategy of the retailers, and there is a huge income gap between the retailers under the mixed pricing subgame.

Least-absolutes Regression Using LL Type of Fuzzy Number Operations Based on Drastic Product

WANG Ning, LU Qiu-jun

2016, 25(1):  145-153.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0019

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Fuzzy least-absolutes regression is developed by considering uncertain dependence,model robustness and exact solutions in the system with fuzzy inputs and fuzzy output. Firstly,Tw based addition and multiplication properties for LL type of fuzzy number are derived using the extension principle, where TW is also called drastic product,which is the only T norm inducing a shape preserving multiplication of LL type of fuzzy number.Secondly, fuzzy parameters are determined based on a complete metric on LL type of fuzzy number and then two particular cases of the general model are discussed.Finally,the potential of the proposed model with regard to other regression approaches is illustrated by some experiments and sensitivity analysis by adopting several measures, which turns out that the proposed model has good prediction accuracy and resistant power against outliers.

Scheduling Simple Linear Deteriorating Jobs On a Single Machine with Common Due Date

YU Ying, SHU Tong, ZENG Chun-hua

2016, 25(1):  154-157.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0020

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A single machine scheduling problem with simple linear deterioration processing time is studied.The due date times of all jobs are assumed to be common simultaneously. Our aim is to find an optimal sequence so as to minimize the total of the earliness award and tardiness penalty. A pseudo-polynomial time solvable dynamic algorithm is addressed to it under inverse agreeable ratio condition. We also propose a fully polynomial time solvable approximation scheme(FPTAS) to that problem by geometric rounding technique.


Application Research

Equity Financing Regulation and Corporate Capital Structure: A Model and the Simulation

WANG Zheng-wei, ZHU Wu-xiang, ZHAO Dong-qing

2016, 25(1):  158-165.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0021

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The purpose of this paper is to find whether there is a strict relationship between corporate capital structure adjustment and corporate financing friction. This paper builds a financing model with market regulation and uses a computer simulation method to examine the effects of equity financing regulation friction on company’s target capital structure and the adjustment of capital structure. At the same time, it also tests the applicability of the capital structure adjustment model. The results show that the change of external equity financing frictions is not only an important influencing factor on the target capital structure, but also an important factor on the adjustment speed of company’s capital structure, which provides a unique view to observe the financing friction of capital market. In addition, the test on the existing model of the capital structure adjustment tells us that the model widely used by previous authors ignores a strong constraint between variables, which will lead to serious model specification bias.

Empirical Study of Random Fuzzy Portfolio Model with Different Investor Risk Attitudes

LIU Jia-he, JIN Xiu, YUAN Ying

2016, 25(1):  166-174.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0022

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As investors face the uncertainty of randomness and fuzziness simultaneously in stock market, the paper defines the security returns as random fuzzy variables. Based on the prospect theory and investors’ psychological trait, a random fuzzy portfolio model with different investor risk attitudes is proposed by constructing different random fuzzy returns, target weights and membership functions of expected return. Under the decline and rise stages of stock market, the differences of portfolios for investors with different risk attitudes and the performance of the proposed model are empirically studied. The results show that the risk attitudes of investors can affect the structures of portfolios, and the proposed model is viable in practice and can be used to construct portfolios which meet the need of investors with different risk attitudes.

Index System Construction and Measurement of Radical Technological InnovationCapability of The Small Technology-based New Ventures Under the Perspective of Knowledge Management

LUO Hong-yun, ZHANG Qing-pu

2016, 25(1):  175-184.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0023

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Index system construction and measurement on radical technological innovation capability is an important basis for a small technology-based new venture to grasp current situation and the promotion strategy. According to the process and characteristics of radical technological innovation capability, the capabilities are divided into the creative generation capability of fuzzy front end, research and development capability, pilot production capability, and commercial promotion capability and generalization ability of new technological standards. From the perspective of knowledge management, the paper constructs five primary index and 27 secondary indexes of radical technological innovation capability. The evaluation index system contains both the general capability of technology innovation capability index, and “breakthrough” characteristic indexes, and reflects the characteristics of “openness” of a small technology-based new venture’s technology innovation. It makes use of consistent fuzzy preference relations with more advantage compared to AHP, to determine index weight, and build a hybrid evaluation methods based on of utility theory and cloud theory. Finally, a case is selected to illustrate the evaluation process and the evaluation method is scientific and feasible.

Free Trade Networks with Unrestricted FDI

CUI Zhi-wei, GAO Li-jun

2016, 25(1):  185-191.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0024

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International economic trends indicate that bilateral free trade agreements with(unrestricted)foreign direct investment provisions are more and more popular. Based on Goyal and Joshi(2006), this paper establishes a free trade agreement network formation game where bilateral free trade agreements imply unrestricted FDI. The main results show that star FTA network is pairwise stable and there exists an individual country social welfare and world social welfare improving path from the empty FTA network to star FTA network.

Study on Competition Mechanism of Core-structure Innovation Network under the Circumstance of Globalization-A Simulation Study Based on LV-EG Model

SUN Bing, YAO Hong-tao

2016, 25(1):  192-202.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0025

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Under the circumstance of globalization, core-structure innovation network faces dual challenge of multimarket competition and key resources competition in the process of development where the revolution of core-structure innovation network is to global innovation network. Therefore, we firstly establish the model of core-structure innovation network’s multi-level coopetition under the global market environment. And then we expound core-firms’ competition and end-firms’ coopetition by applying and the Lotka-Volterra model and the evolutionary game model. Finally, we simulate and analyze this process by applying matlab software to the LV-EG model and come to the conclusion that core-firm’s ability of paying to end-firms and production capacity of innovative products , the innovation environment and the network structure influence greatly on core-firms’ ability to attract end- firms from the global world and core-firms’s competitive advantage under the global market environment.

Hierarchical Network Model of the Integration of Multiple Emergency Plans

WANG Jing, RONG Li-li

2016, 25(1):  203-214.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0026

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After the emergencies occurr, it is necessary to start the emergency plan to reduce the disaster losses. Based on the difference of consequences of disasters, one or more emergency plans will be started. In order to make the started emergency plans effective convergence and play like a plan together, the integration oriented hierarchical network model of emergency plan system is proposed based on the analysis of the emergency process. Firstly, the basic conceptions and relationship of element of emergency plan system are analyzed and the conceptual model of emergency plan system is presented. Secondly, based on the elements and structures of the conceptual model, a hierarchical network model is presented. Finally, the building process of the integrated model and an example is given in order to illustrate the proposed model. The results show that the model not only aims at disaster consequence to achieve the integration modeling of the emergency process based on the content of emergency plan, but also achieves the integration modeling of multiple plans. The elements are more complete and the relationships between the elements are closer in the integrated model which improves the completeness of the emergency plan system effectively. The model provides basis for the revision and the effectiveness evaluation of emergency plans.

Research on Technology Innovation Efficiency Evaluation Model of Manufacturing Industries and Its Application

XIANG Xiao-dong, CHEN Li-fen

2016, 25(1):  215-223.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0027

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Based on the internal process of technology innovation system,the technology innovation process of manufacturing industry is divided into three stages: technology research and development, technology application and transformation as well as environmental pollution control. And then the virtual system method is introduced to construct series network DEA cross-evaluation model. In addition, we apply the entropy method to determine the weight of each decision-making unit in the cross efficiency matrix, and adopt the weighted sum method to compute the final evaluation value. Finally, this model is applied to evaluate the technology innovation efficiency of manufacturing industry in Fujian province. The research suggests that the technology innovation cross efficiency values of manufacturing industry in Fujian province are generally low, including the overall cross efficiency and cross efficiencies of three sub-stages. Therefore there is still much room for improving the efficiencies.

Research on College Student Source Crisis Based on Game Theory

JING Hui-shuang, XU Gen-jiu, LIU Yang

2016, 25(1):  224-230.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0028

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Influenced by population policy, the number of college students’ source has entered into a downward stage. However, the recruitment of students scale of colleges is still growing. On some prediction and analysis,the students’ source crisis in China will arise in the next few years. In this paper, the bankruptcy model is constructed through bankruptcy theory in game theory. In order to obtain the optimal result which ensures that every college can get a satisfactory number of students in each stage, a multi-stage allocation scheme according to the allocation features of rule, rule and rule is raised in this paper and the idea of the iteration is used during the repeated construction of bankruptcy problem.This is the rule referred in this paper. At last, in order to promote a healthy and steady development of higher education in China, an advantage of the rule in dealing with college source crisis is analyzed after the consideration of special situation in China.

Pricing Mechanism of Network Platform Cooperation——Based On Multi-homing Users

ZHANG Qian-fan, YU Xiao-juan, ZHANG Ya-jun

2016, 25(1):  231-237.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0029

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Taking the trend of growing network platform of cooperation between enterprises as the background,the paper analyzes the effect of the cooperation on the pricing strategy in the two-sided market.Under the assumption of bilateral multiple home users,considering the fact that inter-industry platform cooperation can improve the users’ intrinsic benefit,the study establishes a bilateral user multi homing duopoly competition model.Through the model, we can analyze the effect of enterprises participating in the cooperation and non-cooperation on the pricing, and further discusses what influences cross network externalities, platform differences and marginal cost have on the equilibrium pricing strategy. The paper indicates that with multi-homing users, the platforms tend to make strict symmetric strategy, which belongs to the symmetric equilibrium. Besides, the study also shows that cross network externalities, platform differences and marginal cost can have different influences on the platform depending on whether they participate in the cooperation.

The Application of Option Contract in Contract Farming

WANG Geng, LI Zi-wen

2016, 25(1):  238-245.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0030

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Contract farming, as a sales model of agriculture products on the basis of forward contracts, is said to be important for solving the circulation problem and realizing industrialized management of agriculture. However, its effect has been greatly reduced due to the commonly-seen contract breaches. In the premise of contract incompleteness, this article establishes a simple single-period conversation price model to show contract breaches are caused by the fact that both production condition and market condition are unpredictable. And this model is also aimed to prove there is a lack of specific investment in agriculture products, which lowers the probability of contract implementation and additional value generated by contract trade. On the basis of that, the paper provides a new type of agriculture products contract with the character of option. Through the corresponding renegotiation, this kind of option contract can not only protect farmers from market risks like traditional contracts do, but also solve tradition ones’ inefficiency problems resulted from one-sided contract breaches. At last, this paper demonstrates that under the option contract, both farmers and assemblers will make the optimal specific investment decisions. Accordingly, the low additional value problem, which is caused by insufficient specific investment, gets solved.

Management Science

Relationship Analysis between Economic Output and Social Stock

WANG Lin, QI Zhong-ying, PAN Feng

2016, 25(1):  246-253.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0031

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The relationship between economic output and social stock of steel is studied using dynamic material flow analysis(MFA) and statistical time series analysis for the period of 1949 to 2012 on Chinese national level during the period of industrialization. The results show that social stock of steel increases in the form of physical products with the development of economy and the evolution of the industrialization, and the speed of growth has accelerated. There is a long-term co-integration relationship between economic output and social stock of steel, economic output is affected by the social stock of steel both in the short term and in the long run, and economic output is only the long-term Granger cause of social stock of steel. The results indicate that economic development is highly dependent on the use of steel, and the demand of steel is affected by economic output in a long-term process, but not in the short term.

Research on Gradient Changes and Influential Mechanism of Development Level in Chinese Regional Construction Industry

LIU Bing-sheng , CHEN Xiao-hong, XUE Bin, FANG Ning

2016, 25(1):  254-261.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0032

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Researches, relating to variation and influencing factors of development level in Chinese regional construction industry, are vital to formulating policies facilitating national construction to develop coordinately. Besides, they also contribute to the sustainable development of the industry. In this article, the indicator framework of Chinese construction industry is established firstly, and then gradients changes of each province from 2005 to 2010 are discussed through the timing of multi-index model. It is found that the central and eastern change greatly, while the eastern parts do not change significantly. Finally, on the basis of reviewing the influencing factors of its regional development levels, it intends to find out the key factors affecting the level by using generalized ordered probit method. It is shown that the factors affecting the different gradients are various.

Modes Evolution-Based-Research on Knowledge Transfer in Organizations

RONG Li-li, ZHANG Xiao-heng, QI Tian

2016, 25(1):  262-267.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0033

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Knowledge transfer between individuals can be classified into six modes, and the modes are constantly changing with the development of organization, which definitely lead to quite different results, and thus have further effects on organization’s performances and innovations. This paper thus generalizes the evolution rules between the transfer modes. On the basis, we conduct groups of complex network experiments to simulate the dynamic process of knowledge transfer corresponding to different type of organizations. After contrastive analysis of the experiment results, we conclude that the number of experts is key element to knowledge diffusion, and experts can greatly increase organization’s knowledge reserves. A properly unhindered communication mechanism within organization can not only increase the knowledge reserves but also narrow the knowledge wealth gap between organization members. What’s more, knowledge sharing habit is the key element for individual to get more knowledge, and generally the more one share knowledge the more he/she gets from others.

The Production Strategy in Considering Cap-and-Trade Regulation Under Stochastic Demand

MA Chang-song, LUO Zhen-yu

2016, 25(1):  268-274.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0034

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With the cap-and-trade regulation, this paper aims to make a study of production strategy from the perspective of the manufacturer. It has constructed the optimal cap model, cap-and-trade model, cap-and-trade model considering green technology input. The following conclusion can be drawn: (1)The manufacturer’s profit and quantity with carbon emission constraint will be lower than the case without carbon emission constraint. (2)The manufacture’s maximum quantity under cap-and trade is lower than the case without carbon emission constraint, and higher than the case under cap. The manufacture’s maximum quantity under cap-and-trade depends on the marginal profit in cap and The maximum expected profit in this situation depends on the initial allowance. (3)The manufacture’s maximum quantity concerning green technology under cap-and-trade is lower than the case without carbon emission constraint. The manufacture’s maximum quantity concerning green technology under cap-and-trade depends on the marginal profit in cap. (4)Under cap-and-trade, proper green technology input will improve manufacture’s expected profit.

A Study on Recycling Mode Selection in the Reverse Logistics with Consideration of Corporate Social Responsibility

WEN Xiao-qin, DONG Yan-ru

2016, 25(1):  275-281.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0035

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With the shorter product’s life cycles and faster upgrade, recycling and disposal of waste products has become an urgent social problem. Based on corporate social responsibility(CSR), in this paper, we study the selection of recycling mode in the reverse logistics. We consider three recycling modes including the recycling mode by manufacturers, the recycling mode by retailers and the recycling mode by the third-party logistics. We model these three recycling modes and implement optimization analysis of them. Finally, we conduct numerical analysis for the recycling mode selection problem of waste products in the electronics industry. Specifically, the selection of recycling mode with CSR is compared with that without CSR. We find that the producers will select the recycling mode by retailers while less CSR is considered and less incentives from government is provided; and that the producers will select the recycling mode by themselves while more CSR is considered and more incentives from government is provided. This suggests that CSR and appropriate government incentives have a positive impact on manufacturer’s work on recycling waste products.

Contingency Management Strategies of NPD Project Based on Complexity and Cost

LIU Xiao-guang, YANG Nai-ding

2016, 25(1):  282-287.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2016.0036

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On the basis of integrated model of selectionsm and learning of project management, we propose that, parallel solutions and intensive learning strategies can help NPD project response to complexity. The papes makes a theosetical analysio of how to decide the number of parallel solutions and intensity of learning, based on criterion of efficiency, and proposes complexity and cost as main contingency variables. Then we made a simulation based on NK model, and explore the relationship between project performance and the two strategies in different situations.