关键词: 碳交易政策, 废旧产品, 质量异质性, 闭环供应链, 协调

Abstract: In recent years, in order to deal with challenges such as global warming and resources shortage, all countries around the world have introduced the carbon trading policy to encourage and advocate manufacturing enterprises to vigorously develop a sustainable cycle operation mode that aims to reduce carbon emissions. The closed-loop supply chain of end-of-life product, as an effective way to recycle resources, is an effective way to transform to low carbon production. The government and enterprises are promoting the end-of-life products recycling and remanufacturing industry, which is beneficial to promoting carbon neutralization, and carbon peak strategic goal realization so as to achieve the purpose of social sustainable development. The difference in consumers' use time, way, and frequency of the product makes the loss degree of end-of-life product different. That eventually makes the quality of end-of-life products uneven. The quality heterogeneity of end-of-life products makes the income of remanufacturing uncertain. Meanwhile, the uncertainty of carbon emissions in remanufacturing due to the quality difference of end-of-life products further increases the difficulty of decision-making under the carbon trading policy. Therefore, in this paper, the end-of-life product closed-loop supply chain is addressed by considering the impact of the quality heterogeneity of end-of-life products on carbon emissions in the remanufacturing process. A Stackelberg game model consisting of the manufacturer and retailer is established to study the effects of the quality of end-of-life product and carbon trading policy on the decision-making of supply chain members under decentralized and centralized decision-making. The coordination of revenue-sharing and carbon trading cost-sharing on the supply chain is discussed.
This paper mainly draws the following conclusions: (1)The quality of end-of-life products is related to wholesale price, retail price and recycling rate. Therefore, the manufacturer and retailer should consider the impact of end-of-life product quality when making decisions. When recycling end-of-life waste products, the manufacturer should pre-detect the quality, and then remanufacture them to different degrees according to the quality of different waste products. (2)Under the carbon trading policy, the manufacturer reduces carbon emissions by reducing the production quantity of products and the recycling quantity of end-of-life products. Therefore, the carbon trading policy could effectively reduce carbon emissions of enterprises, but the reduction of market demand and recycling quantity is not conducive to the development of enterprises. (3)The higher the recycling quality of the end-of-life product, the less carbon emissions generated in the remanufacturing process. When the recycling quality exceeds a certain threshold, the profits of both the manufacturer and retailer would decrease under the carbon trading policy. Therefore, the manufacturer and retailer must pay attention to the quality of the end-of-life products in the decision-making process. (4)Under the joint influence of recycling quality and carbon trading price, the optimal decision of supply chain members is more influenced by carbon trading price than recycling quality. Therefore, when considering the influence of carbon trading price and recycling quality, the manufacturer and retailer should give priority to carbon trading price. (5)The revenue-sharing and carbon trading cost-sharing contract achieves the purpose of coordination by reducing the wholesale price and retail price. Both the manufacturer and retailer are willing to adopt this contract as long as the sharing and sharing ratio of the contract is reasonable.
This paper explores the decision-making of the manufacturer recycling model in the closed-loop supply chain under the carbon trading policy. There are high differences between different recycling models in terms of cost-effectiveness and recycling efficiency, which will also affect the strategic decisions of supply chain members. Therefore, in the future, the impact of quality heterogeneity on individual decision-making under different recycling modes could be studied based on the background of carbon trading policy.

Key words: carbon trading policy, end-of-life product, quality heterogeneity, closed-loop supply chain, coordination