Abstract: Pricing and production policies are studied on closed-loop supply chains with competing retailers in two periods of product life cycle. In the first period, there exists only one manufacturer and one retailer, and completely new products are produced by the manufacturer by raw materials. In the second period, as new products are produced, used products are collected and remanufactured by manufacturer, and a competing retailer appears. A decentralized-decision model and a centralized-decision model are constructed, and the optimal pricing and production policies are obtained. Our results show that retailers' competition can decrease the retailer price and increase the demand. The whole closed-loop supply chain can be coordinated with revenue sharing contract whose right wholesale price and sharing rate are made, and the win-win status of manufacturer and retailers can be achieved. A numerical example is given to prove the conclusions above.

Key words: closed-loop supply chain, remanufacturing, retailer competition, pricing policy, contract coordination

摘要： 研究了两生命周期零售商竞争环境下的闭环供应链的定价和生产策略:第一个生命周期中,只有一个制造商和一个零售商,制造商利用原材料生产新制造产品;第二个周期中,制造商生产新制造产品的同时利用自己回收的废旧产品生产再制造产品,并且出现了竞争零售商。分别建立了两周期零售商竞争环境下的分散决策模型和集中决策模型,得到了最优定价和生产策略。结果表明:零售商竞争会降低产品的零售价,增加产品的销售量。制造商利用收益共享契约制定合适的批发价和收益共享比率能协调整个闭环供应链,与零售商实现共赢。最后给出了一个算例验证了上述结论。

关键词: 闭环供应链, 再制造, 零售商竞争, 定价策略, 契约协调