Table of Content

25 March 2014, Volume 23 Issue 3

Previous Issue    Next Issue

Optimal Pricing in Manufacturing Queueing System Considering Strategic Consumer Behavior and Machine Failures

ZOU Zong-bao, WANG Jian-jun, DENG Gui-shi, LIU Feng

2014, 23(3):  1-7. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In manufacturing systems, demand is both price-sensitive and lead time-sensitive. Furthermore, consumers are heterogeneous in their sensitivities to lead time. In this paper, we investigate a manufacturing system's optimal pricing in monopoly environment via queue theory, in which the machine is disrupted by failures and consumers are strategic. We prove the existence of optimal price and design the solving method. We discuss the influences of manufacturing costs, repair costs per time, machine failure frequency and mean repair time on the actual purchasing scale, the optimal price and the maximum profit, respectively. Numerical studies reveal that the length of repair time imposes greater impact on maximum profit than machine failure frequency does.

Multi-Objective Location-Routing Problem for Hazardous Materials Logistics

LI Shuang-lin, MA Zu-jun, ZOU Kun

2014, 23(3):  8-15. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

With the growth of economy, the demand of hazardous chemicals increases gradually. Both the government and enterprises focus on hazardous materials storage and transportation. In this paper, a multi-depot and multi-objective location-routing(LRP)model for hazardous materials logistics is developed. And a hybrid genetic algorithm(HGA)is designed to solve the model. Finally, the feasibility and validity of the model and algorithm are illustrated by a numerical example, and compared with two-stage heuristic algorithm. The result shows that the solution gained by additionally considering transportation risk has the advantage over the solution achieved by only considering total system cost, in logistics risk, cost and human resources. And the proposed algorithm has good performance.

Optimal Pricing and Capacity Choice Model with Strategic Customer Behavior

HUANG Song, YANG Chao

2014, 23(3):  16-24. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

The retailer's optimal pricing and capacity choice problem is investigated when there are both strategic customers and myopic customers in the market. The retailer determines different prices in the regular period and clearance period, and limits the availability of the product by creating rationing risk via capacity choice. The strategic customer times their purchases in respond to the retailer's pricing policy and capacity choice. The four cases, which are pricing policy with infinite capacity, capacity choice with fixed prices, pricing policy with finite capacity and optimizing both prices and capacity, are investigated, respectively. The research illustrates that the optimal pricing policy with infinite capacity is to segment the market by determining different prices in the regular period and clearance period; the optimal capacity choice with fixed prices is dependent on the parameters of the model; and in the case of pricing policy with finite capacity, it is always optimal for the retailer to partially serve the demand in the clearance demand than to serve all the demand in the clearance period.

Research on the Optimization Model of Integrated Combat Power Construction

YAN Jian-gang, YANG Shi-feng, CHEN Yu-ning

2014, 23(3):  25-29. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In this paper, according to the principle of the war(combat)benefits and risks that coexist, operational theory and modern assets portfolio theory(portfolio theory),we put forward the war(combat)force construction optimization concept, and the establishment of a war(combat)force construction optimization model, solve the limited resources in optimal investment proportion of various wars(combat)construction,and make limited natural resources produce the biggest beneficial result.

Similar Kruskal-based Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem

WANG Chao, JIN Chun, HAN Qing-ping

2014, 23(3):  30-37. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

This paper proposes a hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm called SKHPSO to solve traveling salesman problem(TSP)by overcoming the premature convergence and low search efficiency of the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO). SKHPSO uses a similar Kruskal-based algorithm by which a specific means of implementation for Greedy Heuristic is given to get an initial feasible solution,as a member of the population in the PSO, then SKHPSO carries out the heuristic search with hybrid PSO algorithm combining the local search based on Lin-Kernighan local neighbor search operation and the global search, such as cross and replacement operations in single individual, which is used in genetic algorithm. The instances in the standard library, TSPLIB, are tested to verify our proposed algorithm. The results have shown that SKHPSO is effective to enhance the quality and efficiency of the solution.

A Mathematical Model and Particle Swarm Optimization with Variable Neighborhood Search for Two Location-Routing Problem

CHEN Jiu-mei, QIU Han-guang

2014, 23(3):  38-44. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In order to meet the high-efficiency and low-cost distribution needs of B2C e-commerce, a mathematical model based on three-index vehicle flow for two-echelon location-routing problem is established. Particle swarm optimization with variable neighborhood search is put forward to solve this problem. Path relinking is used in this algorithm. Particle dynamic update is designed as some operations, such as neighborhood search of current solution, path relinking between current solution and the individual historical optimal solution, path relinking between the current solution and the population historical optimal solution. Based on this, variable neighborhood search strategies are put forward to change the neighborhood structure dynamically to expand the search space. The experimental results show that this algorithm can solve two-echelon location-routing problem effectively.

Memory Gradient Method for Multiobjective Programming without Constraints

FAN Kai-lin, XU Er

2014, 23(3):  45-48. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Based on the memory gradient methods for unconstrained optimization problems, we present a memory gradient method for multiobjective programming without constraints, and prove its convergence under Armijo line search. Numerical results show that the proposed method is efficient.

Emergency Network Planning Model and Algorithm Based on Uncertain Demand

ZHANG Ling, WANG Jing, ZHANG Min

2014, 23(3):  49-55. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

After emergency, the first step of emergency response is to establish emergency rescue network, and allocate reasonable emergency resource to assure relief process going on smoothly. In order to improve efficiency of rescue, maxize supply and minimize loss of disaster, emergency relief network plan is to setup some temporary relief centers and allocate different types and quantities of emergency resourcs. This paper proposes a second-stage mixed integer programming model for determining relief network plan for hurricane disasters. Demand information is random and represented by intervals. The proposed model is solved using robust optimization, which makes use of interval structure of uncertain demand information. Robust counterpart of the model is more conservative and it can't reflect the effect of the second stage decision variables. We introduce robust counterpart of the model and solve it by limiting the second stage decision variable as linear function of uncertain parameters. Finally, we propose a case study to highlight efficiency of the proposed solution strategy

Optimization on Loading Scheduling for Multiple Gantry Cranes Based on Two-stage Hybrid Dynamic Programming

BIAN Zhan, YANG Hui-yun, JIN Zhi-hong

2014, 23(3):  56-63. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

This paper discusses the load scheduling problem of multiple yard cranes. The problem is to schedule two yard cranes at different container blocks which serve the loading operations of one quay crane so as to minimize the total distance of visiting paths and the make-span at stack area. A mathematical model, which considers interference between adjacent yard cranes, is provided by means of time-space network to formulate the problem and a two-stage hybrid algorithm composed of greedy algorithm and dynamic programming is developed to solve the proposed model. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness and practicability of the model and the algorithm in this study by means of the comparison with actual scheduling rules.

Design for Manufacturer-led Multi-period Multi-objective Product Recovery Networks Based on Dynamic Pricing

GAO Yang, ZHOU Xiang-hong, LI Hui

2014, 23(3):  64-70. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Assumed that recyclers and manufactures/ remanufacturers are independent and rational decision-makers together to build a recycling network, and manufactures/remanufacturers in a dominant position in the game. A recycling network bilevel programming model based on dynamic pricing is proposed in this paper, assuming the rate of waste products recovery is a linear function of price,when combining recovery pricing with the recovery network design. The upper planning is for the manufacture/manufacturer to choose the location of the re-manufacturing plant, and determine the recovery of a subsidized price,and the lower-level programming is for the recyclers to choose the location of the recycling center, and determine the cost of recycling of waste products. Algorithm is designed to solve the model, and an example is given to show the validity of the model

Analysis of an Evolutionary Game between Local Governments and Manufacturing Enterprises under Carbon Reduction Policies Based on System Dynamics

ZHU Qing-hua, WANG Yi-lei, Tian Yi-hui

2014, 23(3):  71-82. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In order to investigate the evolutionary game relationships between local governments in China and manufacturing enterprises under carbon reduction policies, this paper analyzes their respective costs and benefits, and establishes a static mixed-strategy game model between governments and manufacturing enterprises based on the system dynamics method. It further integrates dynamic subsidy and punishment strategies by governments to examine the interaction mechanism between governments and manufacturing enterprises. The analysis result shows that subsidies and punishments on manufacturing enterprises from governments, manufacturing enterprises′ costs and benefits directly affect the game results; and three evolutionary stable strategies between governments and manufacturing enterprises exist. Under certain conditions, the evolutionary system shows the cyclical characteristics, and the mixed-strategy game model has stable Nash equilibrium when governments implement dynamic penalty strategy or dynamic compensation strategy.

Improved Grey Target Risk Decision Model in Smart Transmission System Based on Prospect Theory

LI Cun-bin, CHAI Yu-feng, QI Zhi-qiang

2014, 23(3):  83-90. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

The construction of the extra-high voltage and large-scale renewable energy access bring huge potential risk into the smart transmission system. This paper provides a new method for the research of smart transmission system risk decision in the multiple market environment. Based on the risk evaluation index of smart transmission System, considering uncertain and fuzzy of the index attribute、weight information and the attitude of facing the risk,and combining improved interval grey number and prospect theory, we provide improved grey target risk decision model based on prospect theory. Finally, it uses the example of the smart transmission system risk decision to verify the rationality and validity of this method.

Method of Large Group Decision Making Based on Fuzzy Preference Relation of Group Conflict

XU Xuan-hua, ZHOU Sheng-hai, ZHOU Yan-ju, CHEN Xiao-hong

2014, 23(3):  91-96. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In large group decision making, aiming at the question that every decision maker hac an alternative to fuzzy preference relation, this paper proposes a method of large group decision making based on fuzzy preference relation of group conflict. With that, the preference difference under complex large group environment should be taken into consideration, which contributes to cluster analysis on preferences of decision maker, and several different clusters are formed. Then we develop the entropy weight method to get the relevant weight of each cluster, use the weight to aggregate the cluster preferences and get the Large group preference based on fuzzy preference relation. An iteration introduced to make conflict resolution, of which we can acquire the group alternatives fuzzy preference relation of a certain conflict level. Finally,a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the method proposed.

Method for Selecting the Alternative Chain in Multi-Stage Emergency Decision

JIANG Yan-ping, FAN Zhi-ping, SU Ming-ming

2014, 23(3):  97-101. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

With respect to the multi-stage multi-criteria and multi-task emergency decision problems, a method for selecting the alternative chain is proposed. In this method, the concept of alternative chain is given and multi-stage multi-criteria and multi-task emergency decision problem is described. The compatibility relationship matrices are constructed to reflect the sub-alternative compatibility between two adjacent stages. An optimization model is developed to solve the alternative chain selection problem on the basis of compatibility relationship matrices and sub-alternative evaluation values. And the optimal alternative chain can be determined by solving the constructed model. Finally, an example is given to show the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.

Nucleolus of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs Cooperative Game

GUO Ju-hua, GAO Zuo-feng

2014, 23(3):  102-107. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

This paper focuses on the problem of the cooperative game with payoffs of intuitionistic fuzzy sets(IFS)and its fuzzy nucleolus. Firstly, the score function and accurate function of IFS are defined and given their the approach for ranking of IFS. The cooperative game model and its related definitions are given. The concept of the fuzzy nucleolus in fuzzy cooperative game is put forward. Secondly, according to the new ranking approach, the intuitionistic fuzzy nucleolus can be obtained by solving the bi-objective nonlinear programming model. Finally, an example is given to explain the feasibility and availability of this method.

the Interval Decision Making Methods Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets

DONG Ming-juan, LI Jun-hong

2014, 23(3):  108-112. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

For the fuzzy multiple attribute decision making problems, in which the attribute values take the form of intuitionistic fuzzy sets and the attribute weights are known, the interval decision making method based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets is put forward based on the intuitionistic fuzzy arithmetic weighted averaging operator. The interval decision making function introduces the attitude index k, which can reflect the change of the decision maker's attitude, and the changes of decision-making information in the whole interval are considered with k changing from 0 to 1. Its advantage is that the past point judgment method is extended to the interval judgment method compareing with the score function and the closeness degrees based on the distance TOPSIS, which can avoid the loss of decision information and make decision-making more accurate and reasonable. Finally, a practical example shows the correctness, effectiveness and rationality of the proposed method with certain reference value.

Research on Supply Chain Incentive Contract with an Overconfident Retailer Under Information Asymmetry

XU Yu-fa, LIU Zhe-rui, WANG Hai-juan

2014, 23(3):  113-118. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

We use the principal-agent model obtaining the optimal franchise fee contract in distribution supply chain with an overconfident retailer and a rational manufacturer, under information symmetry and information asymmetry, which denotes the effort level can't be monitored in both cases. The impact of retailer's overconfidence in his effort and manufacturer profits are investigated. From the comparison we find that under information asymmetry the retailer's effort level and the profits of the manufacturers are less than those under information symmetry,and the difference is inversely proportional to the degree of the retailer's overconfidence. Retailer's overconfidence can reduce the impact of information asymmetry; the manufacturer prefer to cooperate with the retailer who has higher degree of overconfidence.

Research on the Discriminatory Pricing Game Model of Closed-loop Supply Chain Based on Remanufacturing with Government Restrictions

ZHANG Shu-hong, CHU Ye-ping

2014, 23(3):  119-126. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

For a kind of closed-loop supply chain composed of a manufacturer and a retailer, this paper establishes a discriminatory pricing decision model of closed-loop supply chain based on remanufacturing, considering the government reward and punishment restrictions for recycling of discarded products. The concentrated and decentralized discriminatory pricing strategies are studied based on game theory method, and the profits of closed-loop supply chain member enterprises are obtained, and a revenue-sharing supply chain coordination pricing contract is presented. Then the government restriction influence on the operation of closed-loop supply chain is analyzed.The research results show that the efficiency of closed-loop supply chain based on concentrated pricing decision is higher than the efficiency based on Stackelberg game decentralized pricing decision, and the coordination pricing contract can achieve the coordination of closed-loop supply chain. Furthermore, the priority condition of remanufacturing on which the profit of remanufacturing process is higher than manufacturing process are analyzed. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the models.

Research on Two-stage Model of Distributed Storage Under Random Continuous Demand

FU Pei-hua, BAO Fu-guang, LI Jin

2014, 23(3):  127-135. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

This research is mainly aimed at capacity distribution and distributed warehouse problem of the third party warehouse enterprise under the condition of the continuous demand. We establish a corresponding two-stage model for goods of various customers and simplify the model for the followed resolving. Then we adjust and improve the model in a reverse way. The research shows that, the distributed storage capacity of different goods is not only related to demand distribution itself, but also is influenced by demand distribution of other goods under the condition of limited storage capacity. And the influence will be enhanced when the limitation of the storage capacity becomes stronger. When the total storage capacity is big enough, the storage capacity distribution of the different customers' goods is mainly influenced by demand distribution itself. This paper puts forward dynamic adaptive distributed storage strategy with two-stage under the condition of limited storage capacity. The result of simulation by this proposed model is reasonable.

Study on the Premium and Penalty Mechanism of Reverse Supply Chain Based on Manufacturers' Competition

WANG Wen-bin, CHEN Xiang-dong, DA Qing-li, NIE Rui, CHEN Wei-da

2014, 23(3):  136-145. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mainly considering the premium and penalty mechanism of reverse supply chain under manufacturers' competition environment, using game theory, we build 5 models, which are centralized decision-making of reverse supply chain, the total profits decision-making based on the profits of reverse supply chain and the manufacturer who does not collect waste products, decentralized decision-making with no premium and penalty mechanism, government's premium and penalty mechanisms for the manufacturers and recyclers of reverse supply chain. The study presents several conclusions. Competition is beneficial to raising collection rate and the more intense the competition, the higher the collection rate; the retail price of new products offered by manufacturers actively recycling is lower, which brings about price-competitive advantage. The fourth and fifth scenarios play a part in increasing collection rate, and the greater premium and penalty, the higher collection rate, the lower retail price of new products. It is more efficient for the government to offer them premium mechanism rather than the premium and penalty mechanism, sine the former is valid for increasing both the manufacturer and the collector's enthusiasm. The buyback price of the fourth scenario is higher than that of the fifth scenario. With premium and penalty mechanism the profit of manufacturer who collects waste products is higher than that of manufacturer who does not collect waste products. The profit of manufacturer, who does not collect waste products, decreases with the increase of the degree of premium and penalty.

Supply Chain Disruptions Coordination of Fresh Agricultural Products under Time Constraints with Quantity Discount Contracts

WU Zhong-he, CHEN Hong, ZHAO Qian

2014, 23(3):  146-156. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

This paper studies a fresh and live agricultural product supply chain consisting of a producer and a retailer, and an optimal response to disruptions under quantity discount contract is presented with the consideration of product loss and freshness. Firstly, the coordination model under normal conditions is given. Then, the influence of disruptions on the mode of centralized and decentralized supply chain is discussed when demand and the order cost of the retailer and transport time of the product are fluctuated simultaneously by disruptions. The result shows that the centralized supply chain has some certain robustness. If the three factors above are fluctuated simultaneously in a not too large scope, the production plan of the centralized supply needn't to be adjusted, and the centralized supply can be coordinated only by adjusting the product price. To the decentralized supply, it can be coordinated always by adjusting the parameter of the quantity discount contract according to the three factors' different fluctuation degree.

Pricing Strategy of Financial Super-market Based on Two-sided Markets

WANG Lei, LI Yi-jun, ZHANG Kai

2014, 23(3):  157-162. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Based on two-sided market, this paper analyzs the pricing competition strategies of financial super-market under the case of duopoly, and is mainly focused on the price discrimination strategies. The paper builds price discrimination model by which the discriminatory criteria are transaction times on the platform, and analyzes equilibrium price, equilibrium profit and market shares in two different cases: financial super-market pursues long term maximum profit or short term maximum one. Then we draw the conclusion that price discrimination is good for financial super-markets' short term profit maximization but not short term or long term profit. So the paper suggests financial super-markets should take the strategies of price discrimination in development stage and maturation stage appropriately,and be within a certain period of time and transactions, so as to get more profit.

Resources Allocation Analysis of Information Security Defense in Network Information System——In Perspective of Theory of Constrains

XIONG Qiang, ZHONG Wei-jun, LI Zhi-wen

2014, 23(3):  163-169. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Being safe and economical is the main foundation when enterprises make the decision on information security defense, so that enterprises need to trade off optional allocation of defense resources among many different information nodes in the network information system. This paper firstly establishes a decision model of security defense without resource constraints in order to study how enterprise optimizes the allocation of its defense resources, and the result obtains the defense threshold and relative economical defense level of different nodes. Furthermore, the condition that security resources are limited is combined into the basic model. Through analyzing the impact of factors such as the defensive value of different information nodes, the expected loss, attack probability and so on, we draw conclusions about the priority of different nodes, the amount of resources invested in the defense of different nodes.

Research on Evaluation Index System Design——Based on Competition of Industrial Clusters

CHEN Xian-feng

2014, 23(3):  170-175. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Competition of industrial clusters evaluation is a complex multi-attribute decision-making problem. The selection problem of evaluation indicators is studied in this paper. Through a comprehensive evaluation, the basic data for indicators are obtained by means of Delphi questionnaire. With fuzzy membership, difference analysis, correlation analysis, reliability and validity, stability and associating degree, a more reasonable evaluation index system is obtained. By the method, a new idea and method are provided for the selection of the index system in evaluation.

Research into Traffic Blocking Analysis Based on Multi-Dimensional Fuzzy Association Rule Algorithm

HE Lin, CHEN Yan

2014, 23(3):  176-182. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Traffic blocking is a complicated event that is caused by mutiple factors including meteorological enviromental, road alignment, vehicle status and traffic conditions. As there's a deficiency of research on relevance among these factors, the prevention and control of traffic blocking events have been the difficult issue of road management, especially freeway management. To find out the potential rules and relevance among these factors, this paper proposes a traffic blocking analysis method based on multi-dimensional fuzzy association rules algorithm. In accordance with the need of freeway management,a multi-dimensional attribute model is defined to describe traffic blocking events, based on the relevant national division system and a large number of traffic blocking cases. Then a fuzzy traffic blocking association rules algorithm based on the FCM is set up to mine the potential rules. The practical application of the research proves that the algorithm can effectively support the prevention and management of traffic blocking and thus has bright prospects in traffic blocking analysis.

Improvement of Hospital Outpatient Registration Appointment System in Networked Context

YE Nai-yi, WANG Hao-wen, LI Hong-ying

2014, 23(3):  183-189. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Based on patients' self-reported symptom and knowledge from medical science, and by using quantifiable approach, the study examines the category of diseases and the degree of severity of diseases in the process of the hospital appointment registration. The new approach provides some fundaments for developing advanced hospital outpatient registration appointment system and will help solve the problem of outpatient registration difficulties, improve qualities of medical cares, and optimize application of medical care resources.

Study on Factor of Time about the Variable Weight of Combined Forecasting

SHEN Bin, CUI Xiang-min, WANG Tian-dong

2014, 23(3):  190-196. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

To analyze the factor of time which affects the combined forecasting's prediction accuracy, based on all of the forecasting method's prediction accuracy stability, reference for the modeling thought of one—dimension AR(p)model, we present the combined forecasting based on the factor of time. The example verification shows that the prediction accuracy of the combined forecasting based on the factor of time is higher than the single forecast method, and if the time span of samples is longer, the prediction accuracy is higher.

Maximum Entropy Distribution of Crop Yield and Its Application to Premium Rating

FENG Xue, LV Jie, LIU Xian-min

2014, 23(3):  197-201. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Crop yield distribution is the basis of premium rating of agricultural insurance in China. In this paper, the maximum entropy optimization model of maximum entropy principle is applied to determine the maximum entropy distribution of crop yield and further to give the premium of crop. Meanwhile, based on the maximum entropy distribution, the agricultural premium of the rice, corn, soybeans and peanuts of main crops in Liaoning are determined, respectively 4.45%, 6.77%, 6.34%, 6.43%. The results show that the method of agricultural premium rating on the basis of maximum entropy principle needn't to assume the distribution form of each crop in advance. On the other hand,the maximum entropy optimization model can consider more information about crop yield distribution. This study provides a more reasonable method of the determination of agricultural insurance rate which is helpful to the scientific decision-making of agricultural risk.

The DEA Models Under Different Environmental Awareness Perspectives

WEI Xin-qiang, ZHANG Bao-sheng

2014, 23(3):  202-208. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

The DEA model has been applied popularly to the field of the efficiency analysis. With the deterioration of the global climate and the destruction of the environment, public environmental awareness continues rising. As a result, the undesirable outputs tend to receiving more and more attention. For detailed analysis of the efficiency analysis in each case, the environmental awareness is divided into five different stages based on the law of cognition of the undesirable outputs. Given the main manifestations of each stage division, environment indicator changing capacity, environmental carrying capacity, environmental negative externalities, environmental policy management and enterprise production requirements are combined with efficiency analysis process respectively by adding constrains into traditional DEA models and improving the objective function of DEA models under different environmental awareness perspectives. Afterwards, the application range and the relationships between models are discussed. Finally, an example is chosen to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of DEA models.

Phase Balance for Integration of Distributed Photovoltaic to Smart Distribution Grids Based on IMO-SLFDA

ZENG Ming, XUE Song, SHI Hui, OUYANG Shao-jie

2014, 23(3):  209-218. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

A large amount of distributed photovoltaic accessing to smart distribution grid may lead to an imbalance in the three-phase current, and then could damage the security and stability of the distribution system. So this paper constructs a distribution multi-objective optimization model, the objectives of which are current imbalance minimization and energy loss minimization. This model aims at solving phase balance problems of distribution network after large-scale distributed PV into grid. Then, Shuffled Frog Leap Algorithm is optimized by Random Nelder Mead, improving shortcomings of SFLA. Combining it with decision algorithm, this paper proposes improved multi-objective decision-shuffled frog leaping algorithm for the numerical example. IMO-SLFDA can ensure it obtains the optimal solution in an extremely fast search speed and high accuracy. Last, this paper takes the IEEE 123-bus three phase unbalanced test system as the numerical example, and three phase balance of the distribution system is achieved by controlling the variables related operations. Making the comparative analysis of the difference between base case and optimized example, the proposed algorithm is verified, advanced and practical.

The Self-organization Evolution of Multi-retailers' Sales Efforts with Inequity Aversion Influenced

MENG Qing-feng, LI Zhen, CHEN Jing-xian

2014, 23(3):  219-225. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

This paper builds an experimental model that the manufacturer motivates sales efforts of retailers' group through sales rebate and penalty contract. Retailers are inequity aversion. We research the impact of inequity aversion preference on the incentive effects. The results show that: retailers' inequity aversion will have a negative impact on the incentive effects; the higher sales target the manufacturer sets, the greater the negative impact; once the retailer's sales are less than target volume and the retailer is punished, this will lead to path dependence: the retailer makes less sales effort so to reduce the manufacturer's profits. The manufacturer should pay more attention to retailers' inequity aversion in encouraging process.

The Prcing of American Put Options and Numerical Solution Based on Approximating Hedge Jump Risk

YUAN Guo-jun, XIAO Qing-xian

2014, 23(3):  226-233. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In this paper, the pricing for American put option is considered based on approximating hedge jump risk. Firstly, the options pricing model and the partial differential equation of the options pricing model are derived in the jump-diffusion process, by applying the generalized It formula and no-arbitrage principle, based on approximating hedge jump risk. The approximate implicit difference scheme of American put option pricing model is developed, and consistency, well-posedness, stability and convergence of the difference scheme are also proved in this paper. Lastly, the numerical experiments show that this method is an effective and feasible way for pricing American options in jump-diffusion model.

Technology Innovation Strategy with Production Capacity Constraint Under Stochastic Demand

ZUO Xiao-lu, LIU Zhi-xue, SHI Wen

2014, 23(3):  234-243. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Considering stochastic demand and technology change, based on a one-supplier and one-retailer supply chain with supplier capacity constraint, this paper studies supplier's wholesale price policy and technology innovation strategy as well as retailer's order decision. A three-stage Stackelberg game model is built and supplier's optimal wholesale price and technology innovation strategy as well as retailer's optimal order policy are obtained by inverse deduction. The impact of supplier capacity, new technology arrival probability, market demand expectation and variation on supplier profit, retailer profit and the supply chain profit is analyzed, respectively. The results show that when supplier's capacity is scarce, technology innovation will improve the profits of supplier and the whole supply chain but decrease retailer's profit as he bears supplier's technology innovation investment cost indirectly; whereas when supplier's capacity is surplus, technology innovation will reduce the profits of supplier and the supply chain and increase retailer's profit. The increase of new technology arrival probability raises the profit of each supply chain member. Increasing market demand expectation and reducing variation is beneficial to both the supplier and the supply chain, but may reduce retailer's profit.

Profit Comparison of Public Bus Transport Service Governance Modes

WANG Huan-ming, WU Guang-dong, ZHU Da-jian

2014, 23(3):  244-251. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

The marketing reform of public bus transport service needs to choose reasonable governance mode,and the key factor is the comparison profits of all kinds of governance modes. Based on the comparison of the modes between PPP and network governance, this paper takes the PPP mode as a research objective and supposes all subjects to be fair on cooperation. It constructs the profit models of public bus transport service from the subjects' allocation of control rights, effort level and output efficiency,and then it makes a theoretical analysis and a digital simulation. The results show that the profits closely relate to the allocation of control rights, effort level and output efficiency. And only when the rate substitution of marginal cost between governments and social groups is in a certain range, the profit of network governance mode will be bigger than PPP mode. Otherwise the profit of PPP mode will be bigger.

A Method for Selecting Project Risk Response Strategy Considering Two Risks

ZHANG Yao, CHEN Xi, LIU Yang, FAN Zhi-ping

2014, 23(3):  252-256. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Project risk response is a noteworthy topic in risk management. This paper proposes a decision analysis method for solving the project risk response strategy selection problem considering two risks on the basis of study on single risk in reference[11]. Firstly, concepts and mathematical description of project risk response strategy are given. Then, the analysis of the project risk response strategy selection problem is proposed considering that the risk response strategy with respect to one risk has an effect on another risk, on the basis of which, an optimization model of project risk response strategy selection is constructed. Furthermore, optimal project risk response strategies can be obtained by solving the model. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

Study on Three-period Tournament Incentives Model Based on Fairness Preferences

LIU Xin-min, LIU Chen-xi, JI Da-lin

2014, 23(3):  257-258. 

Asbtract ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In order to solve the multi-agent incentives and the principal's moral hazard problems, based on fairness preferences, the paper builds three-period tournament incentives model and discusses the effect of fairness preferences and wage spreads on the agent's effort level and sabotage through the mathematical induction method. Then the paper compares agent's effort level of each stage under different promotion process. The results show that agent's effort level and sabotage change in the same way, and fairness preferences of agent reduce the agent's effort level and sabotage while wage spreads improve the agent's effort level and sabotage. And agent's effort level in the first period is always higher than it in the third period regardless of the promotion process. The paper expands the study of tournament incentives from the perspective of behavioral economics based on principal-agent model.