Table of Content

25 April 2014, Volume 23 Issue 4

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Governmental Subsidy Policy for Enterprises' Cooperative Behavior in Emission Reduction in Low-carbon Supply Chain

LI You-dong, ZHAO Dao-zhi, XIA Liang-jie

2014, 23(4):  1-11. 

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To study the governmental subsidy policy in abatement cooperation in supply chain,a game model including a government,a retailer and a manufacturer, is set up to study the governments optimal subsidy policy and the enterprises optimal abatement inputs and profits respectively under the conditions of Nash equilibrium, Stackelberg equilibrium and concentrated decisions in supply chain. Based on this, we discuss the interaction game between government subsidies behavior and enterprises' cooperative behavior to choose abatement. It is shown that the abatement subsidies by government and the profits of enterprises are descent in the order of Nash equilibrium, Stackelberg equilibrium and concentrated decisions in supply chain. And we compare the differences of government abatement subsidies between enterprise as a leader and as a follower in the unequal power supply chain. By further studying mutual decision between subsidy policy and forms of cooperation, we show that the optmial policy is not to provide subsidy.

Impact of the Proportion of Replacement Consumption on the Closed-loop Supply Chain

MA Wei-min, ZHAO Zhang

2014, 23(4):  12-18. 

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This paper focuses on the problem of how the proportion of replacement consumption influences the closed-loop supply chain. Perspectives of the consumers, the scale of closed-loop supply chain and the enterprises are considered to provide important basis for our propositions. With the proportion of replacement consumption increasing, the key propositions are as follows: Consumer utility of the primary consumers and the replacement consumers are both reduced, while the primary consumers lose more. The scale of the forward supply chain gradually decreases, while the scale of the reverse supply chain gradually increases. When the proportion of replacement consumption is equal to 1, there will be replacement consumption existing only and the scales of the forward and reverse supply chain are equal. The profit of the and manufacturer keeps positively increasing while the profit of the collector grows from scratch to a maximum level and then declines.

Study of Production and Outbound Distribution in 2 Stages of One-Customer Integrated Supply Chain Scheduling

FENG Xin, ZHENG Fei-feng

2014, 23(4):  19-24. 

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The paper discusses the integrated production and transportation supply chain scheduling problem under the one machine and one customer. The research analyses the two circumstances of unconstrained resources of transportation with limited capacity and the only one transportation with infinite capacity. For each circumstance, we analyse and compare the effect of iid and direct methods in transportation on supply chain scheduling. Simultaneously, we provide the dominant conditions for different transportation methods. The result of this research has certain significance for integrated supply chain scheduling.

Multi-period Closed-loop Supply Chain Network Equilibrium Model with Product Remanufacturing

SUN Jia-yi, TENG Chun-xian, CHEN Zhao-bo

2014, 23(4):  25-32. 

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In order to overcome the limitations of a single-period model in depicting the process of recovering and remanufacturing, a multi-period closed-loop supply chain network consisting of manufacturers and retailers is considered. Subsequently, we establish equilibrium conditions of manufacturers, retailers and the whole supply chain network by using variational inequality and the equilibrium theory. Then their economic explanations are presented. Furthermore, the unique condition of the equilibrium solution is proved. Finally, the results obtained through a numerical exemplification by Euler algorithm indicate the effect of market size to the strategic decisions.

Endogenous Timing in Competing Channels with Dominant Retailer

LIU Jun, TAN De-qing

2014, 23(4):  33-40. 

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In the non-asymmetric competing channels with a dominant retailer, this paper analyzes the effects of negotiation mechanism, market competition and bargaining power of dominant retailer on equilibrium results under three game timing, and then explores endogenous timing of competing channels. Finally, the basic model is extended from two angels of sale cost and store traffic. The study shows that the negotiation mechanism improves market demand and profits of dominant retail channel. When the market has more intense competition, the manufacturer will get the benefit of the fisherman from retailer competition, and dominant retailer will suffer from strongly depressing product wholesale price. In the past studies, the game timing hypothesis of simultaneous leadership of retailers has some flaws, and the sequential leadership is endogenous timing of competing channels. Differential sale cost and store traffic will narrow the double-equilibrium region of endogenous timing.

Pricing Strategies Based on Online Shoppers' Behavior Intention in a Logistics Service Supply Chain

JIA Jun-xiu, SHEN Ping, DU Li

2014, 23(4):  41-50. 

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The paper mainly focuses on pricing and service level strategies in a logistics service supply chain with a service demander, a service provider and online shoppers. Product demand is based on online shoppers'repeated purchase probability. The service demander has to determine the product price and a coefficient of sharing logistics costs with the service provider. The service provider must make decision on logistics service price. Both firms want to maximize their expected profits. We propose models to analyze the optimal product price, service price and their relationship affected by the repeated buying probability under non-cooperation, perfect-cooperation and quasi-cooperation mode respectively, strategies of service level as well. The existence of the optimal strategies is proved. The quantitative relationship between the optimal product price and service price is given,which depends on parameters of customers' purchase behavior intention. The numerical example shows that change of the optimal pricing strategies with consumers' behavior intention and service level depends on the sharing coefficient. The optimal product price may increase more rapidly with a small sharing coefficient than the optimal service price does.

Optimal Ordering and Transfer Policy for Perishable Items with Display Area Inventory Level Dependent Demand

DUAN Yong-rui, YANG Jin, HUO Jia-zhen

2014, 23(4):  51-57. 

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This paper deals with an ordering-transfer inventory model to determine the retailer's optimal ordering and shipping quantity. The retaifer has two kinds of inventory, namely warehouse inventory and display area inventory. The retailer orders from the supplier periodically. Only part of the items ordered from the supplier is stored on the display area, and the rest is stored in the warehouse. In addition, it is assumed that the amount of display area is limited, and the demand rate is dependent on the display area inventory level. The algorithms are developed to find the optimal strategy of the retailer. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the models developed and the sensitivity analysis is also reported.

Optimal Management Policy for Returned Items with Reliability Assurance

ZHOU Jian, SI You-he

2014, 23(4):  58-63. 

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The reliability of product will gradually decline during the process of recycling. In order to gain a balance between cost and reliability, enterprises should set a reliability threshold. This paper observes the circulation of newly electronic items and returned items, sums up the ordering cost, holding cost, recycled cost, check cost, shortage cost, disposal cost and reliability risk cost, and gains an approximate solution about reliability threshold and acquisition. Data from an enterprise proves that, (s,S) acquisition policy is more economical than that of (s,Q). Sensitivity analysis shows that, unit newly item acquisition cost and unit holding cost work on the total cost. According to those analyses, this paper gives some suggestions to the enterprise.

Decision Model of the Multi-objective Supplies Reserve Storage Location Problem Based NSGA-Ⅱ

FU De-qiang, WANG Xu, ZHANG Wei

2014, 23(4):  64-69. 

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The problem of emergency supplies reserve storage location has arisen against the background of a world prone to all kinds of disasters. Based on the features of the problem, the paper establishes a multi-objective location decision model. The model takes the cost of supplies storage under random disaster risk, the efficiency of the coverage and the backup coverage of the key areas into comprehensive consideration. Using this angle, the model can apply to the actual objectives and constraint conditions in a better way. On designing the algorithm, the paper applies the NSGA-Ⅱ(Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ) to the solution of the multi-objective supplies reserve storage location problem for the first time. At last a distrubution of the Pareto non-inferior solution is produced. A comparison between the solution and the one produced by regular NSGA proves the feasibility of the model and effectiveness of NSGA-Ⅱ in solving the multi-objective location decision problem.

Integrated Models and Approach for Location Inventory and Routing Problem

DU Li-jing, LI Yan-hui

2014, 23(4):  70-79. 

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Facility location, inventory control and vehicle routes scheduling are critical and highly related problems in logistics system. The decision makers need to optimize the three problems integrated and comprehensively. We formulate a stochastic Location-Inventory-Routing Problem(LIRP) model using continuous review(Q, r)inventory policy in two level supply chain distribution systems, consisting of one supplier, a set of retailers and a single type of product. Restructuring the non-linear mixed integer programming LIRP model into a set covering model, an approximate optimum solution is obtained using column generation. To realize the “integrated optimization”, Brand-and-Price algorithm is applied to improve the initial solution. At last, based on the several instances generated randomly with sizes ranging from 10 to 160 retailers, the proposed approach is tested and evaluated. The computational results show the proposed approach can resolve this complex problem efficiently.

Method for Screening Alternatives Considering Different Evaluation Criteria Sets Provided by Multiple Participants

LI Ming-yang, FAN Zhi-ping, YOU Tian-hui

2014, 23(4):  80-86. 

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A method is proposed to solve screening alternatives problems based on soft set theory, in which the criteria sets given by multiple participants are different. In the method, the evaluation criteria subsets of each participant are first constructed based on the acceptance of which each alternative satisfies the requirements of evaluation criteria given by each participant. Then, according to the results that each alternative satisfies the requirements of evaluation criteria, the soft sets for the evaluation criteria subsets of each participant are constructed. Furthermore, the soft set that all alternatives satisfy the requirements of all evaluation criteria of multiple participants are built, and based on the operations of product and operators between the soft sets of evaluation criteria subsets and the soft set all alternatives satisfy the requirements of all evaluation criteria of multiple participants, the alternatives sets of each evaluation criteria subsets accepted by each participant can be obtained. And, according to the union and intersection operation between the alternatives sets in which the each alternatives set is accepted by each participant, the ultimate alternatives set passing screening can be obtained. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

Method for Risky Multiple Attribute Decision Making Considering Decision Maker's Partial Attribute Aspirations

LIU Yun-zhi, FAN Zhi-ping

2014, 23(4):  87-95. 

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This paper proposes a method for the risky multiple attribute decision making problem considering the decision maker's partial attribute aspirations. First, according to the attribute aspiration information with regard to each nature state given by the decision maker, the original decision problem is converted into the two independent risky multiple attribute decision problems, i.e. the risky multiple attribute decision problem without attribute aspirations and the risky multiple decision problem with attribute aspirations. Then, for the risky multiple attribute decision problem without attribute aspirations, the utility value of each attribute value is calculated according to the expected utility theory, and the comprehensive utility value of each alternative can be obtained. Furthermore, for the risky multiple decision problem with attribute aspirations, decision maker's aspiration-levels are regarded as the reference points. According to the cumulative prospect theory, the prospect value of each attribute value and decision weight are calculated, respectively, and the comprehensive cumulative prospect value of each alternative can be obtained. On this basis, the overall utility value of each alternative is calculated, and the ranking result of the all alternatives can be determined. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

The Optimal Model of Cooperative R&D Network Decision Based on PGSA

ZHOU Qing, LI Tong, MAO Chong-Feng, YANG Wei

2014, 23(4):  96-101. 

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Among decisions of cooperative R&D network, firms can obtain ideal benefit through making reasonable investment portfolio. Firm's investment portfolio is the result of multiple game. This paper uses plant growth simulation algorithm(PGSA)to analyse firms' investment portfolio game process among cooperative R&D network. The global optimal solution and local optimal solution calculated through PGSA are the ideal investment portfolio decision set. Firms can make optimal decision methods according to the investment portfolio decision set.

the Postponement Model of Substitutable Products under Uncertain Demand

QIN Yan-hong, LI Yu-yu

2014, 23(4):  102-116. 

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In this paper, the postponed manufacture model and non-postponed manufacture model are set for the enterprise producing substitutable products in mass customization. By analyzing and reasoning, we obtain the relation between unit production cost of common product, unit customized cost, substitution degree and the optimal quantity of common product and profit, which can provide good management insights for the enterprise implementing postponed manufacture. Besides, the factors influencing the decision between postponed strategy and non-postponed strategy are analyzed, including unit production cost of common product, unit customized cost, demand variation and correlation.

Customer Relationship Dynamic Optimization Model and Empirical Study

MA Shao-Hui, TAN Hui, DAI Yi-Sheng

2014, 23(4):  117-123. 

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In this paper, we propose a dynamic model to capture the interactivity between marketing actions and customer relationship. The model uses long term rewards as the objective to optimize marketing actions. We assume that customer relationship can be discretized to several levels, and the relationship levels customer stays in is affected by marketing actions. This dynamic process is assumed as a Markov process. Which levels customer stays in is not observable directly, but it is probabilistically correlated with customer purchasing levels. To obtain the model parameters, we further propose a maximum likelihood estimation approach. In empirical study, we apply the model to a dataset from a company in China. We show how to define the model variables, how to estimate the model parameters, and finally how to optimize the customer relationship management policies. The results show that we can increase expected customer lifetime value by 61％～82％ when using the optimized customer management policy.

Research on Product Multi Brand Dealers Commodity Population Optimization Strategy

YI Hui-yong, WU Jin-qi

2014, 23(4):  124-132. 

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This paper develops the biological population ecology theory and method & application to balance the conflict between the satisfaction level of customer demand and product maintenance complexity and costs of dealers. The microscopic level of the company——commodity is studied, the concept of commercial population is put forward, and the multi-commodity population dynamic model is constructed to describe the dealers' commodity genealogies evolution mechanism in competition and collaboration environment. From the concept of ecological balance, the stability and change trends of dealers' commodity genealogy are evaluated. Finally, an example is used for proving the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.

A Heuristic Algorithm for Multi-purpose Machine Scheduling Problems

JING Cai-xia, ZHANG Lei, LIU Ye

2014, 23(4):  133-138. 

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A multi-Purpose machine scheduling problem with setup times is considered. In this model, jobs can be processed by any machine of a prespecified subset of the machine set; this prespecified subset is called processing set. Moreover, jobs are divided into different groups and all the jobs in the same group have the same processing time and processing set. A setup time is required whenever there is a switch from processing a job of one group to another job of a different group on the same machine. The objective function of the problem is minimization of makespan. This problem is NP-hard generally. A heuristic algorithm is proposed, in which the entire job groups are dispatched to machines according to specific rules firstly, and then the current makespan is gradually improved by shifting jobs between machines. Lower bound of the problem is introduced to examine the performance of the heuristic. Extensive computational experiments indicate that the heuristic algorithm is practical and effective.

Optimal Control of False Failure Returns

YANG Peng, SUN Jun-qing, WAN Yi-hong, Xia Li-ming

2014, 23(4):  139-143. 

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False Failure Returns have become a hot topic of reverse logistics research in recent years, but most of these researches study them on the basic of a single-period model(newsboy model). Based on the theory of optimal control, a dynamic decision model is presented. The enterprise adjusts the control variables through the product life cycle, to maximize its profit. Optimization strategies are analized under two especial cases, and numerical examples are applied to varify the effectiveness of the conclusions.

Equilibrium Analysis of GSP Keyword Auctions with Budget Constraint

YU Hong-lei, YANG De-li, WANG Jian-jun

2014, 23(4):  144-157. 

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Advertiser's budget constraint is an important factor which affects the bidding strategy equilibrium in keyword auctions. This research analyzes the equilibrium of budgeted keyword auction with the widely used generalized second price mechanism. The advertisers are divided into three types “born full winner” “born partial winner” “born loser” in accordance with the distribution of their click values and budgets, and the concepts “critical bids” and “key bids” are developed. Based on the repeated characteristic of keyword auctions the static model and dynamic model are developed respectively from the long-term view and short-term view. Studies have shown that there is unique pure strategy Nash equilibrium in the static environment and the auction converges to unique Nash equilibrium point in the dynamic environment when the advertisers adopt the best-response strategy, and in the dynamic environment the auctioneer's revenue is higher than that in the static environment. The numerical examples show that in the dynamic environment the auction converges to deferent equilibrium point with different initial bidding vectors. The results provide the auctioneer with a basis for decision making for the revenue forecast and auction mechanism optimization.

Evaluation Model and Empirical Research on the Core Competitiveness of Software Service Outsourcing Industry Based on the Combination Weighting by Maximizing the Minimum Distance

JIANG Yu-xi, WU Lei, GE Ji-ping

2014, 23(4):  158-166. 

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Evaluating objectively core competitiveness of software service outsourcing industry and extracting key factors can not only help to find the problems, but also provide the policies for the industry development. According to the connotation of industry core competitiveness and the diamond model theory, this paper proposes an evaluation indicators system for core competitiveness of software service outsourcing industry. An optimization model calculating the combination weights of indicators is proposed by maximizing the minimum distance between the evaluation values of the different cities subject to the information from different weighting methods. Based on the evaluation indicators system and the combination weighting method, this paper makes an empirical analysis of 18 cities. The optimization weighting model can distinguish one evaluation object from the other better and solve the problem of discordant ranks from the different weighting methods.

Evaluating Competitiveness of State-owned Banks Based on Fuzzy FNN-ELECTRE

QU Guo-hua, ZHANG Xin-hu, LI Xuan-cai, WANG Guang, QU Wei-hua, WANG Jun-mei

2014, 23(4):  167-174. 

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With the all-round opening up of the financial sector, state-owned commercial banks become the core of the country's economic lifeline, and the competitiveness of the strength of which is dependent on the country's economic prosperity and recession.The paper, based on fuzzy FNN-ELECTRE method, establishs a state-owned commercial banks competitive assessment model.Taking the fusion method of combing the factor neural network theory(FNN)with ELECTRE and focusing on existing commercial banks competitiveness evaluation index, it extracts from the evaluation index system of state-owned commercial banks factors firstclass index as both reality competitiveness and potential competitiveness factors, and puts the size, quality, business structure, efficiency, and growth into class index. At the same time, the author, from an empirical point of view, analyses and confirms the competitiveness of Bank A, Bank B, Bank C, Bank D, Bank E, the five major state-owned commmercial banks, and examines their property value on harmonious and non-harmonious test. It is concluded that the competitiveness of the Bank B is the strongest, and the Bank E competitiveness is the weakest. The tive major state-owned banks all leave room for improvement.

Analysis of Empirical Relationship of Urban-rural Income Gap and Economic Growth Based on Non-parameter STR Model

ZHANG You-zhi, DANG Xing-hua

2014, 23(4):  175-183. 

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Based on the smooth transition regression(STR)model, the paper takes urbanization and financial developments into account, and establishes a non-parameter STR model to analyze the relationship of urban-rural income gap and economic growth in the period of 1978-2011. The results show more significant nonlinear characteristic between urban-rural income gap and economic growth, especially when the paper considers the offect of urbanization and finance development. Meanwhile in the nonlinear conditions, urban-rural income gap benefits economic growth. This means, for the government, which pursues faster economic growth, urban-rural income gap is not that the smaller the better, and narrowing the income gap between urban and rural residents do not necessarily achieve faster economic growth.

Optimization of Cascade Total Output Dispatching Figure Based on the Optimal Output Distribution

JI Chang-ming, JIANG Zhi-qiang, SUN Ping, WU Hao, YU Shan

2014, 23(4):  184-190. 

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In order to improve the scientific level of operation management of cascade reservoirs and the utilization efficiency of water resources, this paper analyzes three shortcomings of discriminant criterion method in the application of cascade reservoirs operation. With the goal of maximizing total generating capacity in the cascade operation period, this paper sets up a double nested model based on cascade total output dispatching figure optimization and the optimal period output distribution. The progressive search method and progressive optimality algorithm are used in the solving process of the model. Taking a certain cascade reservoir in Southwest China as an example, the power generation and the reliability both have a certain degree of ascension compared with the conventional dispatching scheme. So the rationality of the model is verified by the result.

Research on Optimization Model of Economic Dispatch Based on Security Constraints

HUANG Yuan-sheng, CUI Yong, LI Jian-yi

2014, 23(4):  191-195. 

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The competitive generation sicle in electricity system need to have more effective and accurate decision making tools for schedaling limited resources. The short-term economic dispatch optimization problem is a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. It is difficult to get effectively optimal solution, especially for large-scale power systems. In order to improve the efficiency of solution, an economic dispatch optimization model considering security constraints(Security-Constrained Economics Dispatch, SCED)is proposed. Linearization method is used to process the optimization model and a variety of constraints. At the same time, this method is applied to the IEEE 30-bus system for test in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Analysis of Carbon Emission Efficiency in China Based on Three-Stage DEA Model

DONG Feng, LIU Xiao-yan, LONG Ru-yin, ZHOU De-qun

2014, 23(4):  196-205. 

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Accurate evaluation of regional carbon emission efficiency is the basis for each province to develop targeted mitigation strategy. Classic DEA model can not exclude the influence of external environmental factors and random factors. In this paper, the authors use three-stage DEA model to estimate regional carbon emission efficiency to eliminate external environmental factors and random factors. The research result shows that high efficiency regions have 9 provinces including Guangdong, middle efficiency regions have 16 provinces including Hunan, and low efficiency regions have 4 provinces including Gansu. The calculation results of the average carbon emission efficiency from 1997 to 2010 in each province are estimated respectively by classic DEA model, which by three-stage DEA Model have significant difference, but are more consistent with China's actual situation and expected results of economic development. Based on their own evaluation results, the provinces should target the provincial carbon emission efficiency on them.

Bi-level Programming Pricing Model under Multimodal Transportation Network with Elastic Demand

CHEN Jian, SHAO Yi-ming, MA Qing-lu

2014, 23(4):  206-212. 

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To describe the interaction and influence of urban transit pricing and travel choice behavior under traffic network, travel mode choice and route choice were integrated in the same network and a bi-level programming model of urban transit pricing uas established. There were three objectives in the upper programming model, enterprise profit maximization, passenger travel cost minimization and the maximization of social welfare. The lower model uas a stochastic user equilibrium assignment model under multimodal urban transportation network with elastic demand. An improved genetic algorithm uas used to solve the whole model, and an iterative algorithm based on diagonalization and MSA uas provided to solve the lower model. Finally a simple numeral example use given. The results indicate that the government, enterprises and passengers can get higher earnings with bus transit price determined by using bi-level programming model than traditional static price. And the upper model to maximize social welfare as the objective function can represent most people's interest in social groups, whose optimization effect is the most ideal.

Competitive Analysis of Online Reverse Auctions with Statistic Information

XU Jin-hong, MA Yin-xu, JIANG Wei-qing

2014, 23(4):  213-218. 

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For online reverse auctions with probability distribution bids from sellers, using online algorithm and average-case competitive analysis, we discuss the average-case optimal single pricing and the competitive performance of single price strategy, and then propose average-case competitive analysis strategy of online reverse auctions for unlimited divisible goods. We build a model of online reverse auctions on the base of the strategy, and obtain the competitive demand curve of the buyer through solving the model. Moreover, by comparing the average-case analysis strategies with the conventional worst-case competitive analysis which ignore statistic information of bids, we conclude that the competitive performance of the strategies is improved.

Inter-Organizational Trust Evolution in Innovation Networks Based on Chaos Theory

HAN Ya-pin, HU Long-ying

2014, 23(4):  219-227. 

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Previous research on trust has been carried out under the assumption of stable equilibrium. Actually the nonlinear chaotic state appears in the process of trust evolution in innovation networks. And inter-organizational trust evolution in innovation networks evolves with the characteristics of complex systems. Chaos has an extremely sensitive dependence on initial conditions. No matter how small the deviation of the given initial conditions is, the result at some point in the can could be very different from the actual situation. Chaotic characteristics of inter-organizational trust in innovation networks are analyzed based on chaos theory, such as complexity, sensitivity to initial value, bifurcation behavior and inner randomness. The differential equations of inter-organizational trust evolution in innovation networks are established based on evolutionary game theory. The relationship between trust evolution equation and the logistic mapping is deduced. Trust chaos is determined by the Lyapunov stability theory. Inter-organizational trust in innovation networks leads to chaos through the period-doubling bifurcation. The general conditions in which trust comes to chaos instead of being in good order are gotten. The path through which trust evolution leads to chaos has been demonstrated by the simulation with a numerical example. The practical significance of trust evolution chaos in the innovation network is analyzed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the research is proved with the comparison of Silicon Valley and Tsukuba Science City. The chaotic evolution of inter-organizational trust in innovation networks can reflect the non-linear character of trust development and it can provide theoretical guidance for the application of chaos and chaotic control of inter-organizational trust in innovation networks.

Research on Conflict Behavior between Enterprises and Employees Based on Catastrophe Theory and Evolutionary Game

ZHAO Xu, HU Bin

2014, 23(4):  228-237. 

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To make dynamic analysis of conflict incidents between enterprises and employees is the premise and key for conflict management. From the new perspective of catastrophe theory and evolutionary game, this article constructs the Cusp Catastrophe evolutionary Model of enterprises-employees' conflict behaviors and reasonably explains the employees' conflict behaviors' change process under the influence of the two dependent variables: interest and emotion. According to the theory, we discuss the evolution rules of conflict decisions between enterprises-employees and developmental characteristics of the conflict situations, thereby putting forward measures of conflict management. The research reveals the main results as follows. Firstly, employees' conflict behaviors may occur under the influence of interest factors and emotional factors. Interest factors decide whether the conflict will happen and emotional factors decide when it will happen and its degrees. Secondly, it is short-sighted for enterprises to adopt a tough attitude to the employees' reasonable claim On the contrary, it is better for the enterprises to give benefits to employees from the view of humanism management. Thirdly, in the extreme conflict, if the full benefit the enterprises give to employees still cannot quell the dispute, they need to pay more additional cost. Finally, when employees show extreme behaviors, they should be dealt with according to relevant laws and regulations. Otherwise, the vicious conflict incidents tend to be expanded if the enterprises try to eliminate its effects by blind concession. However, it is very effective for the enterprises to cope with conflict by advocating positive and unified corporate values.

Study on Investment Coordination Strategy for Constructing the Capacity of Production-Line Inventory under JIT Environment

GUI Hua-ming, ZHANG Lin-lan, GUAN Xu

2014, 23(4):  238-245. 

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This paper investigates a decentralized supply chain under JIT environment, in which the manufacturer requires the supplier to take charge of most component inventory while it holds a small amount of inventory near its production-line by itself. Given a positive relationship between the cost and capacity of product-line inventory, we examine the equilibrium strategies under centralized and decentralized conditions respectively, so as to derive the channel coordination mechanism. The results show that compared to a decentralized system, the optimal production-line capacity is higher in the centralized system. This certainly benefits the supplier and the entire supply chain but becomes negative to the manufacturer's profit. The numerical example also indicates that under asymmetric Nash bargaining context, the sharing policy of production-line inventory can effectively lead to Pareto optimization from the supply chain's perspective.

The Impact of Government R&D Subsidies on Technical Efficiency of High-tech Industries in China

FAN Ling-jun, CHEN Yan-er

2014, 23(4):  246-253. 

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Previous researches mainly examined the effect of government R&D subsidies on the total output of the high-tech industries, and seldom investigated it from the perspective of input-output efficiency. Based on the high-tech industries data in China during 1996-2010, the paper studies the effect of government R&D subsidies on the high-tech industries using the stochastic frontier approach. The results show that government R&D subsidies have a significantly positive effect on technological efficiency and the enterprise's own investment, firm size and ownership structure have varying degrees of impact on the efficiency of government R&D subsidies. It is difficult to acquire government R&D subsidies for non-state-owned enterprises. The conclusions of our paper provide a useful reference for policy makers.

Performance Analysis of Management Modes of Compact Disks Attached to Books in Library with Chi Square Test

LI Ming-zi, DING Qi-xiang, WANG Yu-ping, LU Tai-ning

2014, 23(4):  254-257. 

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In order to study the management performance of the compact disk attached to the book(CDB)as an important literature carrier and information resources in libraries, the management modes and reader's usage modes of CDBs are systemically analyzed in this paper. The principles of chi square test utilized for CDB performance analysis were also discussed. One-factor analysis and multi-factor analysis are used for CDB performance analysis. The usage modes that readers prefer to are influenced by CDB management modes. Readers tend to learn and download CDBs on line, while CDB network management mode is more effective. The conclusions of this paper are drawn as following. Chi square test can be used as a quantitative evaluation method for CDB performance analysis. University library must reinforce its network management continuously to provide readers effective information service.

A Game Theoretical Approach to the Evolution of Technology Innovation Network for Small and Medium Enterprises

ZHANG Shu-yi, CAI Jing-jing

2014, 23(4):  258-263. 

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In the technology innovation network consisting of small and medium enterprises, whether the firm participates in technology innovation or not, and its ratio of participation, have a heavy effect on the whole network of technology innovation. Taking the small and macro firm as an example, this paper analyzes the revenue in terms of the participation for both, one or none of them while innovating simultaneously or alternatively, and how the order and the ratio of participation affect the stability of the technology innovation network based on the evolutionary game theory. The conditions of the technology innovation evolution are also pointed out. The conclusions are beneficial for the network of technology innovation of small and medium enterprises and its management as well.

Modeling Evolution of Seismic Secondary Disasters with Stochastic Petri Nets

LI Yong-jian, WANG Xun-qing, QIAO Xiao-jiao

2014, 23(4):  264-273. 

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To solve the evolution problem of seismic secondary disasters, this paper extracts seismic secondary disaster attributes by the approach of multi-case study to describe seismic secondary disaster structurally from the event type, the key attributes, the secondary attributes, the environment attributes and the hazard assessment attributes, and then analyzes the properties of seismic secondary disasters and builds up the evolution Petri net model. On the basis of the evolution process, the paper applies the Stochastic Petri Nets(SPN)to model the evolution system of graded seismic secondary disasters,for example plague, and establishes the corresponding Markov chain based on isomorphic relation between SPN and Markov chain. Finally, we study the equilibrium state and fluctuation pattern of the system for evaluating and improving the system with Markov chain and corresponding mathematics method, and the simulation results show the effectiveness of the model, which providesa decision-making support for responding to post-earthquake disasters.

Research on Cooperative Game and Revenue Allocation in Cloud Federation Platform

LI Quan-lin, DUAN Can, E Cheng-guo, YANG Bi-rui

2014, 23(4):  274-275. 

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Cloud computing is a hot research topic at present in information sciences and management sciences, where cloud providers are a basic element in cloud federation platform. A mechanism design of suitable revenue allocation among cloud providers is a key factor which can improve operational capability of the cloud federation. In this paper, we set up a cooperative game model for multiple cloud providers, and show that the cooperative game is sup-additive and possess a non-empty core. We study a suitable revenue allocation by means of the core and the Shapley value. We use some numerical examples to indicate that the characteristic function is not convex, and to show how to compute the core and the Shapley value. Based on this, we give a revenue allocation mechanism among the multiple cloud providers. The results of this paper provide new highlights for understanding cooperative behavior of multiple cloud providers under the IaaS.