Table of Content

25 May 2014, Volume 23 Issue 5

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Channel Management and Analysis of Paradox in A Retailer-led Supply Chain

TIAN Xin, HOU Yu-mei, QIU Zhang-de, DING Yu-zhang

2014, 23(5):  1-8. 

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There is a hot paradox problem in business, i.e., the dominated retailers are considered to use powerful contracts such as returns and rebates squeeze suppliers, but in fact that suppliers have much higher profit margins than retailers. We establish and compare four increasingly stronger power retailer-led supply chain decision models: non-returns, common-returns, full-returns, full-returns and linear rebate without sale effort, full-returns and linear rebate with sale effort. We show that returns and rebates cannot bring more revenues for dominated retailer when supplier can determine the wholesale price of goods, and the dominated retailer should strengthen the impact on even control the wholesale pricing with channel power first. This paper explains the causes and effects of the business paradox between retailers and suppliers.

Research on Coordination of Closed-loop Supply Chain with Differential Price Under Disruption

LI Xin-ran, SONG Zhi-cheng, MU Zong-yu

2014, 23(5):  9-16. 

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This paper analyzes the contract coordination of the retailer collecting closed-loop supply chain(CLSC), in which there is difference between the new product pricing and remanufactured product pricing, when the demand of both new product and remanufactured product are disrupted. Firstly, it is proved that a revenue sharing contract can be used to coordinate the decentralized decision making CLSC under normal environment. Then the revenue sharing contract maybe fails when the CLSC is disrupted, and the optimal pricing strategy of centralized decision making CLSC is proposed. Lastly, it is further proved that the improved revenue sharing contract can be used to coordinate the decentralized decision making CLSC when the demand of both new product and remanufactured product are disrupted, and it can coordinate the decentralized decision making CLSC under the normal environment simultaneously.

Interaction among the Dimension of Supply Chain Integration

SUN Xiao-bo, LUO Wen-ping

2014, 23(5):  17-26. 

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This study mainly focuses on the relationship among the dimensions of the supply chain integration(SCI) ,which can help enterprise optimize the existing resource configuration ,find the interaction and interactive mechanism among the dimensions of the supply chain integration. We use the 104 company's survey data, and factor analysis to find the common factor in each integrated dimension, and then use the multiple linear regression method to analyse the relationship among the dimensions of the SCI ,in order to avoid the study driven by the data completely. We use MATLAB software to do the curve fit ,combine the mechanism analysis, and modify the original study model. The study reveals that information sharing is the critic element in each integrated dimension, the elements have the dynamic interaction character, and the enterprise monitor the degree of each integrated elements to effectively improve the efficiency of resource allocation.

Research on Coordination Decisions for Closed-loop Supply Chain under Fuzzy Demand and Asymmetric Information

CAO Xiao-gang, ZHENG Ben-rong, WEN Hui, ZHENG Yue , LI Ji-zi

2014, 23(5):  27-34. 

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We investigate the coordination problem in a two-echelon closed-loop supply chain which consists of one manufacturer and one retailer under fuzzy demand and asymmetric sale price information. By establishing two decision models of centralized decision and revenue-expense sharing contract in the uncertain environment, we obtain the optimal policies of the closed-loop supply chain system in different models, respectively, and then we use some numerical examples to analyse the impacts of the fuzzy demand and fuzzy retail price on the supply chain members' profits and system's decision efficiency. Through the results we find that the designed contract can coordinate the supply chain effectively, and the optimal decision of the closed-loop supply chain system can be realized. Secondly, the higher the uncertainty degree of the demand and the price is the higher, the impact of the demand and the price on the retailer's ordering quantity, the profits of the supply chain members and the system is.

Genetic Algorithm to Logistics Service Supply Chain Order Allocation Problem

LI Shan-shan

2014, 23(5):  35-41. 

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The transaction costs are proportional to the transaction volume in LSSC order allocation problem. Considering this characteristic, the transaction costs are expressed as linear function. A new mixed integer programming model for LSSC order allocation problem is established, so as to minimize the transaction costs, purchasing costs, rejected units and late delivered units. Because it is NP-hard in nature, a genetic algorithm combined with a heuristics rule is developed to solve the model and to avoid the illegal initial solutions. Random instances show that the model provides systemic simulation for the whole decision-making process and reflects the linear transaction costs factor. And the results of GA are stable and acceptable in allowable CPU time. Computational experiments show that the GA heuristic algorithm outperforms LINGO with respect to solution quality and computational time when the instances become larger.

Extended TOPSIS with Interval-valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Information Based on Advanced Entropy-weighted Method

WU Chong, WAN Xiang-yu

2014, 23(5):  42-47. 

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The TOPSIS multi-criterion decision-making problem of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the characteristics of the entropy-weighted method and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets are studied, and then the entropy-weighted method is applied to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets to determine the criterion weights. Secondly, as for the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy multi-criterion decision-making problem in which criteri weights are unknown, a new decision-making method which can be applied to evaluate information directly is proposed based on the prospect entropy-weighted method. This new method not only generalizes the application scope of the traditional entropy-weighted method, but also doesn't require the decision-maker to give weight information about criteria in advance. Thus the results tend to be more objective and more reliable. Finally, an example is given and the result shows the feasibility and effectiveness of this method. The new intuitionistic fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach can be easily applied.

Robust Optimization Model of Dynamic Production and Inventory Management Considering Risk Preference

LI Chun-fa, XU Wei, ZHU Li

2014, 23(5):  48-54. 

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Under the circumstance of demand uncertainty in diverse stages, the production and inventory management and the entire benefits of supply chain are affected by the risk preference of decision makers and the waste disposal during productive process. Taking the risk preference of decision makers into account, this paper constructs a framework of the T-stage dynamic production and inventory of the supply chain, and this framework contains I-producer enterprises, one warehouse and one Waste Disposal Site Base(WDB); then the uncertainty optimization model which aims at maximizing overall revenue is established based on the ellipsoidal set of uncertain demand. By using the robust idea, we translate the uncertain optimization model into one deterministic linear robust counterpart. We also discuss the reliability and validity of the model. The final numerical results show that there are robust strategies with high reliability only when the parameter of risk preference is valued in a particular range. It also proves the reasonability of this robust optimization model.

Fuzzy Optimal Solutions for Multiobjective Shortest Path Problems in the Logistics Transportation Network

HAN Shi-lian, LIU Xin-wang

2014, 23(5):  55-61. 

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The paper concentrates on the multiobjective shortest path problem in the logistics transportation network. An objective aggregation method with the fuzzy compromise programming technique and an extended label correcting method to solve the aggregated objective are proposed. In the process of aggregating multiple objectives to a single one, the edge evaluation for each objective and the overall evaluation for all the objectives are considered. By assigning the weights to each objective, the decision maker's preference information can be integrated in this aggregation process, and the fuzzy compromise solution can be got with the generic aggregation method. Finally, a numerical example shows the solution process of the proposed approach.

Identification and Outsourcing of Gray Business Process Based Robust Optimization

LIU Bin, WANG Yu-feng, XU Xiao-qing, XIN Chun-lin

2014, 23(5):  62-69. 

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When firms operate, the manager must decide whether the business process is the core or no-core, and then choose an appropriate way from wholly owned subsidiary or short-term sourcing. This paper studies the outsourcing strategy of the grey processes that can not be identified in which the manager can choose short-term sourcing, joint venture, and wholly owned subsidiary. We develop a robust outsourcing model to analyze the relative regret of the outsourcing strategy. Our results show that after the outsourcing strategy chooses the way of grey process, the relative regret decreases as the switching timing delays if the gray process converts to no-core process; the relative regret increases as the switching timing delays if the grey process conuverts to core process. In the worst case, the relative regret is less than 1.

Improved Ant Colony Algorithm for Period Vehicle Routing Problem

CAI Wan-jun, WANG Chen-yu, YU Bin, YANG Zhong-zhen, YAO Bao-zhen

2014, 23(5):  70-77. 

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Period Vehicle Routing Problem(PVRP)is a generalized classic vehicle routing problem(VRP), in which the planning period is extended to a t-day period. Therefore, custom group and route should be optimized every day in PVRP. Embedded in VRP, PVRP is too complicated to be solved. As many route operations are formulated in a certain period, PVRP is very popular in practice. In recent years, distribution centers have paid much attention to the problem of vehicle delivery with the growing fuel cost and fierce supply chain competition. Especially in some situations, vehicles have to serve some fixed customers in a given period, and besides, the service times of each customer are settled in advance. Optimization of the repetitive operations will significantly save cost. Many researches have shown that the heuristic method based on the simulation of biological is very suitable for solving large-scale combinatorial optimization problem. Ant colony optimization(ACO)is founded on the behavior of ant colony foraging in nature, which has been proved to be feasibility for solving VRP problems in lots of research. Therefore, this paper presents an improved ant colony optimization(IACO), in which a multi-dimension pheromone matrix and a local optimization strategy based on scanning method are introduced. To test the two strategies for IACO, this paper designs four groups of contrast tests, in which ACO+SP,ACO+MP,ACO+MPB and IACO are used when optimizing the period vehicle routing problem in 9 classical examples. The results show that the two strategies can improve the performance of ACO effectively and IACO is an effective tool for PVRP. Besides, after comparing the results of IACO, CGW algorithm and CGL algorithm, IACO is proved to be effective method in simple optimization problems.

Research on Multi-Depot Location Routing Problem with Backhauls and Soft Time Windows

LUO Yao-Bo, SUN Yan-Ming, LIAO Peng

2014, 23(5):  78-85. 

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Location routing problems is not only of great significance in integrated logistics network planning research, but also an important management decision that every large logistics company has to make. Based on the warehouse capacity and vehicle capacity constraints, the paper proposes a multi-depot location routing problem model(MDLRP)with backhauls and soft time windows. The model takes full consideration of logistics distribution mode with the simultaneous delivery and pick-up and the customer service time requirements. Given the complexity of the MDLRP model, the paper proposes an improved hybrid genetic algorithm with iterated local search and recombination strategy to solve the model integrally. The performance of the heuristic is assessed by computational experiments. As can be seen from the solution, the model with its hybrid genetic algorithm is feasible and superior, and it can be provided to be an alternative tool for location and routing decision.

An Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm for the Resource-constrained Project Scheduling Problem

GUO Yun-tao, CHEN Zhi, BAI Si-jun

2014, 23(5):  86-92. 

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This paper puts forward an assumption that applying the artificial fish swarm algorithm(AFSA)to the resource-constrained project scheduling problem(RCPSP). An algorithm model of AFSA for the RCPSP is presented, a unique standard random key(SRK)is proposed as the coding representation of the problem, the artificial fish's preying, swarming, following and randomly moving behaviors are redesigned according to the characteristics of the problem, both the forward-backward scheduling technique and elitist strategy are used in the algorithm to improve the schedule quality, finally the algorithm procedures are described in detail. The computational experiments have been performed on the standard test set j30 for the RCPSP generated using ProGen, and the performance of the algorithm given in this paper is compared with several other intelligent optimization algorithms from the literature, results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for solving the RCPSP.

The Multi-dimensional Game About Cooperation and Competition in the Regional Port System

YU Ming-zhu, SHAN Jun

2014, 23(5):  93-100. 

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Due to the integration of global supply chain, the competition and cooperation relation in the reginal port system is emphasized. No research is found in the two-level co-opetition problem which involves both the government strategies and the terminal operator decisions. Our research will break through the limitated research in the literature which focuses on the qualitative analysis and the terminal-oriented quantitative study. We consider both the hinterland logistics service investment of the local government, and the terminal operator's price decision. Through the model analysis and numerical study, we intend to investigate the effect of the co-opeartion process on the local economic development. The research results reveal that the cooperation between the port city governments benefits the governments in terms of the income. However, the coooperation is not necessarily supported by the container terminal operators.

Capacity Pricing and Empty Container Repositioning Responsibility in a Sea-cargo Service Chain

XU Lei, BU Xiang-zhi, FENG Li-pan, LI Chun-fa

2014, 23(5):  101-108. 

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This paper studies a sea-cargo service chain with one carrier and two forwarders providing transportation service between two bidirectional ports. To sustain the business, firms have to reposition empty container from a surplus port to a shortage port and incur repositioning cost if the realized demands are unbalanced. We build a stackelberg game model in two cases: empty container repositioning responsibility of the carrier and one forwarder, and analyze the optimal capacity pricing policies and empty container repositioning decisions of the carrier and forwarders. Through model analysis and simulation, it is found that whether the carrier and forwarders employ capacity pricing policy to balance the cargo demands depends on the potential demand imbalance between the bidirectional ports. When the repositioning cost is above a threshold, the carrier bears all the repositioning cost. Otherwise, the forwarder solely bears the repositioning cost. And in the latter case, the optimal capacity pricing policy will aggravate the potential imbalance between the two ports, which will increase the value of the whole supply chain.

Optimal Production-inventory Policy under an Energy Buy-back Program over an Infinite Planning Horizon

ZHANG Ji-hong, DING Xiao-song, CHEN Hong-qiao

2014, 23(5):  109-119. 

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Due to the rising power demand with the rapid development of economics and enhancement of industrialization, the contradiction between supply and demand provides energy buy-back programs with great opportunities. Such programs, when activated, offer certain amount of financial compensations to participants for reducing their energy use, and aim to encourage participants to shift their electricity usage from peak to non-peak time. Hence, a manufacturer has to deal with the balance between receiving financial compensations from participation by reducing production and increasing sales from satisfying customers' demands through production/inventory. This paper studies a periodic review production/inventory control problem under an energy buy-back program over an infinite planning horizon. With the introduction of a fixed setup cost and compensation levels corresponding to different market states, we intend to identify the optimal production/inventory policy in order to minimize the discounted cost. Under mild assumptions, it is shown that such an optimal inventory policy is state dependent, and is of either an(sⁱ,S)or(s⁰,S,A)type by using Veinott's conditions.

Group Decision-making on Language Distribution Assessment Information and the Consistency Analysis of Decision-making Groups

FENG Jian-gang, WEI Cui-ping

2014, 23(5):  120-127. 

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This paper proposes group decision-making method based on the language distribution assessment weighted average operator. It defines the ordered consistency and numerical consistency measure of the evaluation of results between individual decision maker and decision-making groups, for the analysis of the reliability of the evaluation results of decision-making groups. Finally,we prove the effectiveness and practicality of the method with concrete examples and analyzed the ordered consistency and numerical consistency of the evaluation of results between individual decision maker and decision-making groups.

Price Control Problem Based on Grey Theory and Its Algorithm

ZHANG En-lu, LIU Bing-bing, TENG Chun-xian

2014, 23(5):  128-132. 

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To solve the optimal pricing problems of the pollution charges, a price control problem based on Grey theory is presented, and its model and theorem are given. Under the assumption condition of the constraint region of the proposed model nonempty and compactness, it is shown that the optimal solution of the drifting price control problem can be reached on the extreme points of the constraint region. To solve the drifting price control problem based on Grey theory, a search algorithm based on duality theory is developed, and the model of price control problem is converted to some nonlinear programming models on uncertain parameters, when consider the gray parameters as a new decision variables, Finally, an example is adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Large Effect of Carbon Tax and Its Allocation Proportion on Manufacturer's Optimal Decisions

WANG Ming-zheng, LIU Kuan

2014, 23(5):  133-146. 

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In this paper, we study how a monopoly manufacturer makes a production and transport mode selection decision under the situation that government charge tax to transport carbon emissions and transport activity players share the emissions responsibility. We focus on the effect of carbon tax and manufacturer's emissions responsibility on transport mode selection. Further more, we obtain conditions on emissions allocation proportion between manufacturer and 3PL of a transport mode under which carbon tax can force transport mode shifting. Our results show that a relative small tax can force transport mode shifting when 3PL encourages manufactures to select a cleaner mode by adjusting emissions allocation proportion. Also, when the tax is just equal to the mode shifting threshold, we find that the profit of the manufacturer selecting the cleaner mode is the same as the one of manufacturer selecting the dirty mode manufacturer, but emissions can be largely reduced by selecting the cleaner mode. So the manufacturer would select the cleaner mode driven by the manufacturer's environment consciousness. Our research is helpful to the manufacturer in making sustainable operation decision and to the government in making a reasonable carbon emissions tax policy.

The Impacts of Information Sharing Degree on Chinese Apparel Supply Chain Inventory Cost

DAI Hong-yan, ZHANG Ran-zi, ZHANG Jin, ZHAO Li

2014, 23(5):  147-154. 

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The inventory level of Chinese apparel industry has deteriorated a lot in recent years, and high inventory has been the bottleneck of the development of apparel companies. Information sharing is recognized as one of the effective methods to resolve this problem. However, there lacks quantitative studies addressing information sharing in Chinese apparel supply chain. Most of the existing literature to investigate information sharing focus on the impacts of sharing information or not, rather than how the sharing degree affects supply chain performance. This paper builds quantitative model to analyze three scenarios in apparel industry: (1)sharing demand statistics, (2)sharing timely demand information, (3)sharing demand and market information. This paper shows that sharing timely demand information can reduce supplier's inventory level and cost. Furthermore, sharing market information on top of demand information can enhance the supply chain flexibility and the ability of dealing market uncertainty. This paper may shed some new light on managing high inventory level of Chinese apparel supply chain, and provide some managerial insights on the informationization and brand development for the practitioners.

A Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Euclidean Norm Based on OWA Operator

ZHANG Fa-ming, WEN Qin

2014, 23(5):  155-159. 

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Considering that the information is incomplete and unevenly distributed in comprehensive evaluation, and people often subjectively “look back” in reality, a comprehensive evaluation method of Euclidean norm based on the interval number ordered weighted averaging operator(IOWA operator)is proposed. Firstly, the paper introduces the related knowledge about IOWA operator. Then, based on the characteristics of the IOWA operator, it employs the normal distribution to determine the position weight vector, and combines the weight vector with Euclidean norm to form weighted Euclidean norm effectively. Finally, the paper gives an example to verify the effectiveness of the method proposed, which considers the distribution of evaluation information fully and makes the evaluation more objective and accurate.

Network DEA-based Efficiency Measurement and Analysis of a Relational Two-stage Manufacturing System with Exogenous Inputs

ZHANG Hao, YANG Jia-ni, SU Xiang, GE Shi-lun

2014, 23(5):  160-167. 

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Manufacturing process evaluation is an important part to improve the efficiency of the manufacturing system. Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA)is an effective tool to measure the relative efficiencies of the manufacturing system. However, the traditional DEA models ignore the production information embedded in the intermediate products as well as the allocation information of various inputs among the individual sub-process and can't reflect the real underlying production technology. To solve this problem, we have proposed a DEA-efficiency measurement and decomposition models of two-stage manufacturing system with exogenous inputs under both constant and variable returns to scale. The modeling method does not need the pre-specified aggregation way of sub-effciencies into the system efficiency. The evaluation results for the iron&steel manufacturing system show that the model can do more to find inefficient decision-making units(DMUs)and possible potential for performance improvement than the traditional approaches, and help decision makers to detect the origination of inefficiency for those inefficient DMUs. The numerical example proves the reasonability of our method. This study provides an analytical method for the efficiency measurement and decomposition of such complex manufacturing system.

Modeling and Solving of the Running Programs of High-rise Elevator System

MENG Ji-xian, XU Feng, LU Xin-zhong

2014, 23(5):  168-177. 

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With the development of society, the high-rise buildings and intelligent buildings with vertical transportation systems continue to emerge. Meanwhile, optimum dispatching of elevator banks is essential to elevator traffic system. In view of the elevators in high rise commercial building operation and management program design issues, we analyze the main factors of the impact of the elevator energy consumption and customer satisfaction. Then we respectively establish two optimization models which are the number of elevators known and unknown by dynamic programming algorithm and genetic algorithm. With an example of a high-rise building, we can get the optimization scheduling programs to verify the rationality of the model. Finally, VC++can be used to make the visualization of elevator scheduling beckoned to the interface. The research result of this paper will be used for the real architectures.

Optimization on Tugboat Operation Mode Considering Characteristics of the Multi-stage Common Parallel Machines

XU Qi, LI Na, JIN Zhi-hong

2014, 23(5):  178-186. 

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Based on the analysis of the tugboat scheduling problem, it is formulated as a multiprocessor task scheduling problem(MTSP)that has the characteristics of sharing common machine sets in all stages. Combined with the scheduling theory, a tugboat scheduling model with two stages of operations(berthing/unberthing)and setup times is presented. The algorithm based on the heuristic rules and simulated annealing(HSA)is developed to solve the special MTSP. By the comparison of the results obtained from the algorithm with those based on three existing scheduling rules in practice, the HSA solved results are far less than those from the existing scheduling rules. Thus the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach are verified. Based on that, the scheduling results under different number of tugboats reveal that the overall operation times of tugboats and the average time for each tugboat is contradictory to some degree. By another numerical example, the paper points out that if tugboats return to the anchorage base timely, the overall operation times can be reduced effectively, and thus the utilization rate of tugboats and green transportation can be realized.

The Model between the Pure Binding and Component Sales in the Oligarchic Monopoly Market

TAO Na, ZHANG Sheng

2014, 23(5):  187-191. 

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This paper studies the choice between the pure binding and component sales in the oligarchic monopoly market. The paper respectively constructs the profit function about the pure binding and component sales. The objective function is derived. The paper breaks through the traditional producer-leading binding mode from the perpectives of both consumers and producers. It is shown that sales model relies on the standard deviation, correlation coefficient, demand, market information transparency, consumer experience and incompatible strength.

Calculation Method of Evaluators' Dynamic Influence on Bargaining Evaluation

MAO Qiang, GUO Ya-jun

2014, 23(5):  192-197. 

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For the limitations of the lack of considering evaluators' influence on existing bargaining evaluation, a calculation method of evaluators' dynamic influence in bargaining evaluation is proposed. First, evaluation context is set and research hypothesis is proposed. In addition, related concepts and definitions of evaluators'dynamic influence are given, and then calculation methods of initial value of evaluators' dynamic influence, bargaining weight and value-added of evaluators' dynamic influence are proposed. What's more, the parameter sensitivity is analyzed. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the practicability and maneuverability of the proposed method.

An Improvement of Research Methods on the Behavior of RMB Short-term Interest Rates: Construction and Application of Double Exponential Jump-GARCH-Vasicek Model

XIE Chi, ZHANG Jiao-yan, WANG Gang-jin, YU Cong

2014, 23(5):  198-204. 

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Affected by factors such as monetary policies made by the people's bank of China and large-scale new shares subscriptions, the RMB short-term interest rates showed obvious jump behavior in recent years. In order to better describe the jump behavior of interest rates, we construct a Jump-GARCH-Vasicek model which can describe the volatility clustering, mean reversion and jump behavior of Chinese short-term interest rates by assuming the distribution of jump size to be double exponential. Based on the datum of Chinese short-term interest rates, we compare double exponential Jump-GARCH-Vasicek model with the following five models: Vasicek model, GARCH-Vasicek model, normal Jump-Vasicek model, double exponential Jump-Vasicek model and normal Jump-GARCH-Vasicek model. We find that short-term interest rates show obvious GARCH effect, mean reversion and jump behavior, and the double exponential Jump-GARCH-Vasicek model is the best of the six models in describing the jump behavior of short-term interest rates.

Coordination Mechanism Analysis of Partners' Behavior in Plant Variety Right Value Chain Based on Evolutionary Game Theory

GAO Jie

2014, 23(5):  205-212. 

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In this paper, the conception of partners' behavior coordination of plant variety right value chain is presented. Based on the dual population theory of evolutionary game, we study the evolutionary game processes and related influencing factors of partners' behavior coordination in plant variety right value chain. The research shows that the coordination evolution direction is affected by the coordination cost, coordination income, coefficient of excess income distribution, cost apportionment ratio, independent-cooperation income, betrayal income and the amount of reward and punishment. It will promote the overall coordination of partners' behavior in plant variety right value chain by improving coordination income and independent-cooperation income, reducing coordination cost and betrayal income, keeping a positive correlation between the shared cost and the excess obtained income between partners, building a reasonable excess income distribution mechanism and strengthening external supervision and punishment.

Research on Bank Responsibility Extending Credit Cycle System Operation and Interest Rate Conduction Mechanism

LIU Hong-sheng, LI Bang-yi

2014, 23(5):  213-220. 

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Assnning extended responsibility is a key representation of undertaking social responsibilities. It's critical in solving regional credit insufficienly as well. This research analyzes the effect of undertaking or refusing the extended responsibility for both banks and non-bank financial institutions in credit cycle system. We establish six decision–making environment models for integrated and diversified decisions. The analysis gives an optimal decision and evaluates the social and economical effects of each model. Through introducing interest rate conduction, this paper discusses the function of interest rate in guiding participants to undertake their extended responsibility in both integrated decision and diversified decision. It analyzes the realization conditions of interest coordination in credit cycle system.The results indicocte that, compared with the behavior of refusing responsibility, both the social and economical return of the whole system will be greater when baks assum extended responsibility in six decision-making environments, and the return will greater when banks assum extended responsibility than commitment. This research comes to the conclusion that the system return is optimiged in assuming extended responsibility in integrated decision, and the Pareto improvement of participants' economical returns and the coordination of all game parties can be realized by interest rate mprovemedt.

Similarity Analysis of Stock Indices Time Series Based on Scale Theory

YUE Yi-ding, YIN Jun, KE Hai-xia

2014, 23(5):  221-230. 

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Similarity analysis of stock indices time series is one of the key research contents in financial studies. In order to improve the accuracy of stock indices time series similarity analysis, we define the metrics indexes of scale theory based on scale invariance, multifractal character, and volatility clustering. Stock indices time series are represented by the three indices. If the segmentation is viewed as a time point, the stock indices time series split and expressed will constitute a multivariable panel data. Based on the features of panel data and the relative importance of these indicators, we put forward a new similarity measurement function, the complex-distance-function, to analyse the similarity of stock indices time series. Clustering results indicate that, compared with the two other methods, the similarity analysis based on scale theory and complex-distance-function can improve the accuracy of the analysis result significantly with strong robustness.

Research on the B2B Trust Evaluation Model Based on Multi-Agent under the E-Commerce Environment

SUN Hua-mei, ZOU Wei-na

2014, 23(5):  231-236. 

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The development of e-commerce has brought many opportunities to business cooperation. In the process of cooperation there exist some problems, such as the lack of trust between enterprises and lack of reasonable comprehensive measuring method of enterprise credibility. This paper takes the commercial enterprises in B2B market as the research object, combines with the Multi-agent artificial intelligence technology, establishes a trust evaluation index system of reputation rating Agent with the basic information of the enterprise and single transaction Agent with specific transaction information, builds a trust evaluation model based on Multi-agent and carries out the simulation experiment at last. The research conducted by this paper will help enterprises select the appropriate partners, solve trust issues in business cooperation and adapt to the needs of the development of e-commerce.

Technology Innovation, Spillover and Optimal Combination of Environmental Policies

YU Pei-li, SHI Jun-guo, DOU Shan-shan, SUN Guang-sheng

2014, 23(5):  237-242. 

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This paper analyzes the influence of policy instruments on firms' green technology innovation based on a three-stage game model. Results find that rate of emission tax and subsides on ER&D are conducive to firms' green technology innovation. Social optimal rate of corrective tax is lower than marginal social damage of pollution, and increases with equilibrium output. Government should use combination tools of emission tax and subsides when the spillover of green technology is very high while government should use combination tools of emission tax on polluting activities and research and development tax when spillover is low. When emission tax is exogenous, the subsidy in competition consition is higher than the subsidy in collabrative innovation condition. Government should use the combination tools to promote green technical innovation, especially the collabrate innovation, according to the industry spillover.

Evolutionary Game Analysis and Application to Mass Emergency under Government Coordination

XIE Bai-shuai, ZHANG Wei-guo, LIAO Ping-kang, XU Wei-jun

2014, 23(5):  243-249. 

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Mass emergencies will be worse if the government disposes them improperly. Even the identity will transfer from non-interest coordinators to conflict parties. In this paper, with the evolutionary game theory, we analyze the importance of the government as a coordinator in emergencies. And under the principle of fairness, particular analysis of some key parameters on the decision-making behavior is described. The results show that the goverument's early intervention, along with fair redistribution of benefits and appropriate penalties, will help to reduce the harm of mass emergencies. Finally, along with the analysis of the evolutionary process of the case “Taxi strike in Chongqing” and the government's coordination, it illustrates the applicability of our model.

Project Portfolio Allocation Strategy of Close Degree Based on Fuzzy Matter-element and Rough Set Theory

BAI Li-biao, BAI Si-jun, GUO Yun-tao

2014, 23(5):  250-256. 

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The Project Portfolio Allocation(PPA)based on the strategic orientation is one of the most crucial aspects of Enterprise project portfolio management that plays a key role in enterprise strategic benefit maximization. From the perspective of the relationship among projects, this paper sets out the relationship between PPA and its business strategy as the starting point, applies the fuzzy matter-element and rough set theory based on the combination weight of Project Portfolio Allocation, and then proposes the concept of strategy of close degree,which analyses the level of anastomosis PPA with its business strategy and as a measurement standard to make the correct decision for project portfolio management.

Study on Psychological Measurement System of University Teachers' Salary Discount

LIU Xiao-feng, REN Chen-chen, PAN Xing-xing, WAN Lun-lai

2014, 23(5):  257-263. 

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Salary incentive is the core content of modern university incentive system. How to effectively play the incentive effect and to stimulate university teachers' teaching and scientific research work enthusiasm is an important topic for all universities. In this paper, we find that university teachers' salary discount, including monetary salary and non-monetary salary, is generally very serious. The highest discount rate reaches 60% and the lowest is also nearly 20%. Overall, university teachers' salary discount has a significant relationship with teachers' administrative level and their university's level, but has little relationship with sex, age, education, title, class catalog, salary and school-age. The lower their administrative level and their university's level, the more serious ness of the discount.

Study on Low-carbon Technology Adoption among Manufacturers Based on Evolutionary Game Theory

XU Jian-zhong, XU Ying-ying

2014, 23(5):  264-272. 

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In order to achieve CO₂ emission reduction targets and solve Chinese enterprises' poor performance on response to climate change, decision-making model of low-carbon technology adoption is built based on evolutionary game theory, and stable strategies are analyzed. Theoretical study and numerical simulation show that enterprise groups will evolve to an “ideal state” of all adoption only when they can obtain excess returns by low-carbon technology adoption. Otherwise, enterprises do not choose low-carbon technology adoption. In this case, subsidy policies such as investment of low-carbon technology and carbon reduction should be implemented to guide evolution into the “ideal state”, but the subsidies should be controlled in certain ranges to maximize their incentive effect.

On Mechanism Design of Auction in Public Asset Budgeting

YAN Pei-sheng, ZHANG Qing

2014, 23(5):  273-279. 

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Motivated by the increasing use of auctions by government agencies, we consider the mechanism design of auction in public asset budgeting. Auction is an effective means of resource allocation and mechanism of price revealed. In this paper, by the use of mechanism design theory and auction theory, we explore a feasible mechanism to improve the allocation efficiency of public asset by the assumption that the government auctions budgetary projects. The auction model we develop is based on the incentive mechanism design approach assuring that the bidders satisfy the conditions of incentive-compatibility constraints and express their true preferences and efficiencies to maximize the utility of government budgetary control. The optimal auction mechanism could be reached when we find the solution of the model. The optimal scoring rules auction is also analyzed considered the complexities of the expression of optimal mechanism. We finally conclude the budgetary rules in practice.